brucec@orca.UUCP (Bruce Cohen) (02/15/84)
--------------------- Following is my archive of a set of messages relating to Loglan that was sent out on net.ai and human-nets digest almost a year ago. Bruce Cohen UUCP: ...!teklabs!tekecs!brucec CSNET: tekecs!brucec@tektronix ARPA: tekecs!brucec.tektronix@rand-relay -------------------------------------------------------------------------- From tektronix!uw-beaver!cornell!vax135!floyd!harpo!seismo!hao!hplabs!sri-unix!AIList-REQUEST@SRI-AI Sun May 15 19:33:00 1983 Subject: AIList Digest V1 #4 Newsgroups: net.ai From: AIList (Kenneth Laws, Moderator) <AIList-REQUEST@SRI-AI> AIList Digest Monday, 16 May 1983 Volume 1 : Issue 4 Today's Topics: <other topics edited out - brucec> Loglan Date: 11 May 1983 19:10 EDT From: Stephen G. Rowley <SGR @ MIT-MC> Subject: Artificial languages Since people seem to be interested in artificial languages and the Whorfian hypothesis, some words about Loglan might be interesting. (If that's what started the discussion and I missed it, apologies to all...) Loglan is a language invented by J. Brown in the mid-50's to test the Whorfian hypothesis with a radically different language. It's got a simple grammar believed to be utterly unambiguous, a syntax based on predicate calculus, and morpholgy that tells you what "part of speech" (to stretch a term) a word is from its vowel-consonant pattern. Of the 14 non-vacuous logical connectives, all are pronounceable in one syllable. By comparison, English Dances about a LOT to say some of them. There are some books about it, and even a couple of regular journals. Once upon a time, there was a Loglan mailing list here at MIT, but it died of lack of interest. -SGR ------------------------------ [Here is further info on Loglan culled from Human-Nets. -- KIL] Date: 11 Dec 1981 2314-PST From: JSP at WASHINGTON Subject: Loglan as command language. English is optimized to serve as a verbal means of communication between intelligences. It would be highly surprising if it turned out to be optimal for the much different task of communicating between an intelligent (human) and a stupid (computer) via keyboard. In fact, it would be surprising if English proved well suited to any sort of precise description, given that various mathematical notations, Algol and BNF, for example, all originated as attempts to escape the ambiguity and opacity of English. (Correct me if I'm wrong, but I seem to recall that Algol was originally a publication language for human-human communication, programming applications coming later.) Much the same may be said, with less force, for Loglan, which is also targeted on human-human communication, albeit with a special focus on simplicity and avoidance of syntactic ambiguity. (Other Loglanists might not agree.) For those interested, the Loglan Institute is alive and well, if rather hard to find pending completion of a revised grammar and word morphology. I'd be happy to correspond with anyone interested in the language... and delighted to hear from any YACCaholic TL subscribers interested in working on the grammar... --Jeff Prothero ------------------------------ Date: 11 Dec 1981 06:46:30-PST From: decvax!pur-ee!purdue!kad at Berkeley (Ken Dickey at Purdue CS) Subject: Loglan I have received several requests for more information on Loglan, a language which may be ideal for man-computer communication. Here is a brief description: Synopsis: (from the book jacket of LOGLAN 1: A LOGICAL LANGUAGE, James C. Brown, Third Edition) Loglan is a language designed to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis that the natural languages limit human thought. It does this so by pushing those limits outward in predictable directions by: *incorporating the notational elegance of symbolic logic (it is TRANSFORMATIONALLY POWERFUL); *forcing the fewest possible assumptions about "reality" on its speakers (it is METAPHYSICALLY PARSIMONIOUS); *removing all structural sources of ambiguity (in Loglon anything, no matter how implausible, can be said clearly; for it is SYNTACTICALLY UNAMBIGUOUS); *generalizing all semantic operations (whatever can be done to any Loglan word can be done to every Loglan word; for it is SEMANTICALLY NON-RESTRICTIVE); *deriving its basic word-stock from eight natural languages, including three Oriental ones (it is therefore CULTURALLY NEUTRAL); Notes: Loglan has a small grammar (an order of magnitude smaller than any "natural" grammar). It is isomorphic (spelled phonetically-- all punctuation is spoken). There are a set of rules for word usage so that words are uniquely resolvable (No "Marzee Dotes" problem). The most frequently used grammatical operators are the shortest words. The word stock is derived from eight languages (Hindi, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian, French, and German), weighted by usage for recognizability. I.e. using Loglan rules to satisfy form, words are made up to be mnemonic to most of the worlds speakers. Loglan "predicates" are, in a sense, complete. For example MATMA means X is the MOTHER of Y by father W. Joan matma == Joan is the mother of .. by .. == Joan is a mother. Matma Paul == Paul's mother, etc. These "slots" can change positions by means of operators. Modifiers precede modified words. Garfs school => a garfs type of school (a school FOR garfs) as opposed to a school BELONGING to garfs. Language assumptions can be quite different. For example, there are a number of words for "yes", meaning "yes, I will", "yes, I agree", etc. Although considered an experimental tool, there are people that actually speak it. (It is a USEFUL tool). Pointer: The Loglan Institute 2261 Soledad Rancho Road San Diego, California 92109 As I am an armchair linguist, you should reference the above pointer for more information. -Ken ------------------------------ Date: 8 Apr 1982 01:32:44-PST From: ihnss!houxi!u1100a!rick at Berkeley Subject: Loglan A while ago somebody (I believe it was in fa.human-nets during a discussion of sexism in personal pronouns) asked the question "What does Loglan do about gender?". As usual with such questions the answer is not easy to describe in a few words. But to simplify somewhat, Loglan has no concept of grammatical gender at all. The language has a series of five words that act (approximately) like third person pronouns, but there is no notion of sex associated with them. Loglan also does away with most of the usual grammatical categories, such as "nouns", "adjectives" and "verbs". In their place it has a single category called "predicate". Thus the loglan word "blanu" can be variously translated as "blue" (an adjective), "is a blue thing" (a verb-like usage), and "blue thing" (a noun-like usage). Loglan is uninflected. It has no declensions or conjugations. But it does have a flock of "little words" that serve various grammatical and punctuational purposes. They also take the place of such affixes as "-ness" (as in "blueness") in English. More information about Loglan can be gotten by writing to: The Loglan Institute, Inc. 2261 Soledad Rancho Road San Diego, CA 92109 ------------------------------ Date: Sun 15 May 83 12:17:41-PDT From: Robert Amsler <AMSLER@SRI-AI.ARPA> Subject: Excerpt about AI from a NYTimes interview with Stanislaw Lem Sunday, March 20th, NYTimes Book Review Interview with Stanislaw Lem by Peter Engel Interviewer: "You mentioned robots, and certainly one of the most important themes in your writing is the equality of men and robots as thinking, sentient beings. Do you feel that artificial intelligence at this level will be achieved within the forseeable future?" Lem: "My opinion is that in roughly 100 years we will arrive at an artificial intelligence that is more intelligent and reasonable than human intelligence, but it will be completely different. There are no signs indicating that computers will in certain fields become equal to men. You should not be misled by the fact that you can play chess with a computer. If you want to accomplish certain individual tasks, computers are fine. But when you are talking about psychological matters, every one of us carries in his head the heritage of the armored fish, the dinosaurs, and other mammals. These limitations do not exist outside the domain of biological evolution. And there's no reason why we should imitate them -- the very idea is silly. In the field of mechanics it would be the same as if the Arabs were to say they didn't want airplanes and automobiles, only improved camels. Or that you shouldn't supply automobiles with wheels, that you must invent mechanical legs. I'm going to show you a book. 'Golem XIV' is going to be published next year in America. It's a story about the construction of a supercomputer and how it didn't want to solve the military task it was given, the purpose it had been constructed for in the first place. So it started to devote itself to higher philosophical problems. There are two stories in 'Golem XIV,' two lectures for scientists. In the first Golem talks about humans and the way it sees them, in the second about itself. It tries to explain that it's already arrived at a level of biological evolution will never reach on it own (sic). It's on the lowest rung of a ladder, and above it there might exist now or in the future more potent intelligences. Golem does not know whether there are any bounds in its progress to the upper sphere. And when it, in a manner of speaking, takes leave of man, it is primarily for the purpose of advancing further up this ladder. In my own view, man will probably never be able to understand and recognize everything directly, but in an indirect manner he will be able to achieve command of everything if he constructs intelligence amplifiers to fulfill his wishes. Like a small child, he will then be receiving gifts. But he will not be able to perceive the world directly, like a small child who is given an electric railway. The child can play with it, he can even dismantle it, but he will not understand Maxwell's theory of electricity. The main difference is that the child will one day become an adult, and then if he wants he will eventually study and understand Maxwell's theory. But we will never grow up any further. We will only be able to receive gifts from the giants of intelligence that we'll be able to build. There is a limit to human perception, and beyond this horizon the fruit of observation will be gleaned from other beings, research machines or whatever. Progress may continue, but we will somehow be staying behind." ------------------------------ End of AIList Digest ******************** From tekecs!tektronix!decvax!harpo!seismo!rlgvax!jack Sun Aug 14 13:49:47 1983 Subject: Re: A pointer to Loglan books - (nf) Newsgroups: net.nlang Those addresses (given in the article this one references) are definitely not good anymore. The current address is: The Loglan Institute, Inc. 2261 Soledad Rancho Road San Diego, California 92109 Jack Waugh seismo!rlgvax!jack From tektronix!ucbcad!ucbvax!decvax!genrad!grkermit!chris Wed Sep 7 07:28:22 1983 Subject: a letter from the Loglan Institute(#1 of ~4) Newsgroups: net.nlang I saw the addresses mentioned for the Loglan Institute in previous articles on this list, and wrote a letter to them asking for more information on the language. The reply was interesting enough that I am going to transcribe it to the net. It's long, so I'll just start with the first page, and if there is interest I'll go on to the later stuff, which is mostly lists of the materials that will be available from the institute. I called the Instute and got their permission to copy the letter to the net. Please notice that their address has changed. I have just recently begun reading a collection of the writings of Benjamin Whorf. I will try to post some sort of a review or discussion when I've read more of it. *=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=* THE LOGLAN INSTITUTE (Page 1) Route 10, Box 260 Gainesville, FL 32601 Teaching & Research Center Phone: (904) 371-9574 WELCOME TO LOGLANDIA! You are arriving at an interesting time. Two 5-year research projects have just been concluded, and The Institute is now preparing to "go public" again. The first two times were in 1960, when the prolegomena of the language were first published by its inventor, in the June issue of the *Scientific American*, and again in 1975, when *Loglan 1: A Logical Language* and *Loglan 4 & 5: A Loglan-English & English-Loglan Dictionary* were offered in small editions by The Institute (500 hardback and 2500 paperback copies of each book) through small ads placed in the December '75 and again in the September '76 issues of *SA*. *Loglan 1* was soon effectively out of print; but we elected not to reprint. Instead we decided to cultivate the 200 or 300 loglanists gained through these publications as a language-testing and usage-creating cadre for the future. The Institute had been incorporated in 1974. It became an Open Membership Corporation in 1980. From 1955 to 1975 the design of Loglan had been more or less the private domain of its inventor, James Cooke Brown. But from 1975 onward, with the publication of the two books and especially with the founding of *The Loglanist* in September 1976, Loglan became the intellectual property of all whose minds live at least partly in Loglandia. It was interaction between these minds which generated the massive increase in the logical subtlety of the language that is found, for example, in *A Supplement to Loglan 1* published in November 1980; and it was these new Members of The Institute who supported and partly executed the two major research projects just now concluded: the writing of a machine-grammar of the language, which was very distinctly a team effort, and the design of a new, decipherable morphology--the way its longer words are formed--in which the inventor relied on a group of dedicated speakers to try out his new word-building ideas. As a consequence of all these efforts, Loglan is now a very much richer language and an altogether more usable one than it was in 1975. We of the 1975 cadre, having completed these tasks--the machine grammar, the decipherable morphology, and the enriched usage patterns--are now ready to share our language with 2,000 or 200,000 fellow loglanists instead of staying cosily at 200. In fact, we must. So few cannot support anything so massive as a growing language. So The Institute's third exercise in going public will probably take place in 1983 or 1984 and may well be a bit splashier. The 1975 publications were aimed primarily at the scientific community. This time we will offer it to a far broader public, including the home computing public. For Loglan is now both a more accessible language and a computationally more sophisticated one, learnable by anyone and yet understandable by machines. And scientifically, Loglan is now an even more deftly- tailored instrument for the test of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis...which was the purpose with which the whole enterprise began nearly 30 years ago as a young scientist's dream. Whether your purpose is to help build that "machine/man interface" with Loglan; to use it on your own computer once others have built it; to study a remarkable human language scientifically; to learn to speak, write and think in a language that has some surprisingly liberating ways; to help us ins the may tasks The Institute faces in going public again; or to contribute to an eventual test of Sapir and Whorf's grand hypothesis about the nature of the human mind...we welcome you aboard our little ship, with full sail set, now, for Loglandia. *=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=* The computer programs they are talking about are designed to run under C/PM personal computers with at least 48K of RAM. They didn't mention what language the programs might be written in, but I'm sure someone out there will want to translate them to C and share the results, right? decvax!genrad!grkermit!chris allegra!linus!genrad!grkermit!chris harpo!eagle!mit-vax!grkermit!chris From tektronix!decvax!genrad!grkermit!chris Tue Sep 13 12:07:37 1983 Subject: letter from the Loglan Institute (#2 of 2) Newsgroups: net.nlang The first page of the letter I received from the institute (and posted earlier) described the current status of the Loglan Institute and their intent to "go public" soon. They said that they were going to be publishing a large amount of new material and that it would become available in 1983 or '4. The next section of the letter is a list of the materials they still have available for sale. This is the part that I am posting now. Following this is a section describing the materials they are working on and that will become available in the near future. I'll post that sometime next week. ************************************************************ WHAT'S STILL AVAILABLE? *Loglan 1*, the 315-page 1975 introduction by JCB; now out of print. A notebook edition is planned for Summer 1983 release as an interim publication while the book is being revised; around 170pp on 3-hole paper. Price around $12; advance orders welcome. *Loglan 4 & 5*, the 1975 dictionaries ; xxii +510pp. Plenty of these left. Includes a xxii-page summary of the grammar which will be useful until the revised L1 appears. Hardback: $10.80 Paperback: $6.80 *Supplement to Loglan 1, 1975-1980*. Published originally as TL4/3; 72pp. Summarizes some 1200pp of TL-text; presents all the usage and grammar proposals that survived discussion in TL; by John Parks-Clifford. $3.50 *Loglan 3.1-3*. The first three lessons of what will eventually be a 20-50 lesson primer. Work was stopped on the Primer when the morphological revision began in 1978. 59pp; by JCB. $2.50 *Deck 1*. 1000 vocabulary flashcards, including the 830 primitive predicates; cut and boxed. Approximately 130 words have been remade during the 1978-82 morphological revision; see *Notebook 2*. You get a listing of the words to change and a reprint of JCB's 1977 TL 1/5 article on flashcard management; but you will have to update your own deck. $8.80 *Cassette 1*. Loglan speech sounds; a 65-minute recording; 1976. the 1977 revision of this original is out of stock. $3.20 *Cassette 2*. Loglan utterance frames; a 78-minute recording composed of 72 "listen-and-respond" frames; 1977. $4.20 Reprint. The original June 1960 *Scientific American* article by JCB. $1.50 *Notebook 1*. The machine grammar and corpus of Loglan; a notebook filler on 3-hole paper; 173pp. Gives the March '82 grammar which parsed the test corpus; the 1000-utterance Corpus itself with both machine and human parses; and the Preparse source code in BDS-C. There is also a Glossary of the technical terms used in our grammatical work. $12.50 *Notebook 2*. The new morphological system; a notebook filler on 3-hole paper; 182pp. Temporarily out of stock. Traces the steps of the 1978-82 morphological revision; includes the results of all the major "taste tests"; gives the affixes for making complex predicates, procedures for making borrowings and acronyms, etymologies of all the remade primitives, and all the 1975 complex predicates as remade with the new affixes. $14.50 *LIP*. The Loglan Interactive Parser; requires C/PM and at least 48K RAM. Incorporates the latest machine grammar. LIP responds with machine and/or human parses, parse-trees, and preparsed strings for any grammatical utterance submitted by the user, at any level of grammatical detail required. Purchasers will be notified of any revisions of the grammar and will have update privileges at reasonable cost. $60.00 *The Loglanist*. The journal of The Institute; published aperiodically. Subscription is by deposit. The cost of each issue plus postage is charged against each subscriber's balance and the new balance shown on the mailing label. Recent cost per issue has been around $3.50, including postage. If you are overseas and want your copies sent airmail, please say so, and increase your deposit accordingly. Institutions are charged at twice the individual rate per copy. When you subscribe, you will be sent only the last issue published unless you specifically ask for back issues. Minimum deposit, Individuals: $20.00 Institutions: $40.00 Back Issues of *The Loglanist*. Title-pages on request. Some issues are out of print. Number and price of issues still available in each volume: Vol.1, 1976-77, 5 issues, 60-70pp.; $3.00 ea. Vol.2, 1978, 1 issue, 120pp.; $4.50 Vol.3, 1979, 4 issues, 80pp.; $3.50 ea. Vol.4, 1980, 3 issues, 80pp.; $3.50 ea. Vol.5, 1981, 3 issues, 80pp.; $3.50 ea. Membership in the Institute. Biennial due are currently $50, half that for full-time students. For this you get (i) a 15% discount on anything you buy from the Institute except TL; (ii) a monthly newsletter on Institute affairs called Lognet; and (iii) the right to vote in the Institute's Annual Meeting and its biennial elections of Officers and Directors. In addition, you'll have the opportunity of helping to prepare the numerous revisions and expansions of your teaching materials, including software, and of serving on a test panel to try out new materials before they are offered to a wider public. For example, a massive augmentation of the 1975 dictionary is now in progress, and many Members are participating in a "shakedown cruise" with the new decipherable affixes by helping us build new words for the 3rd Edition of *Loglan 4 & 5*. ************************************************************ The Institute asked that checks be made payable to The Loglan Institute. Florida residents should add 5% Sales Tax for all items except TL deposits and Membership dues. If you decide to join The Institute, remember to subtract 15% for all non-TL items you order. Postage and Handling is $2.50 regardless of the size of the order. Packages will be sent Book-rate unless you specify Priority Mail domestically, or Airmail overseas and increase your deposit accordingly. The Institute's address is: The Loglan Institute, Inc. Route 10, Box 260 Gainesville, FL 32601 This is a new address, so don't use the California or Michigan addresses that were mentioned on the net. Is BDS-C related to C? If so, it shouldn't be too much trouble to make the interactive parser run under UNIX, and probably a lot of home computers as well. Jack Waugh {seismo,allegra,mcnc,we13,brl-bmd}!rlgvax!jack posted 3 articles in May-June (<471@rlgvax.UUCP>, <455@rlgvax.UUCP>, and <703@rlgvax.UUCP>) telling something about the language. If you can get those without too much trouble, they provide a short (and non-theoretical) introduction that might be easier to get than the Scientific American from June 1960. Relay-Version: version B 2.10 5/3/83; site orca.UUCP Posting-Version: version B 2.10 5/3/83; site grkermit.UUCP Path: orca!tekecs!tektronix!decvax!wivax!linus!security!genrad!grkermit!chris From: chris@grkermit.UUCP Newsgroups: net.nlang Subject: letter from the Loglan Institute (#3 of 3 {and final}) Message-ID: <665@grkermit.UUCP> Date: Thu, 29-Sep-83 09:58:28 PDT Article-I.D.: grkermit.665 Posted: Thu Sep 29 09:58:28 1983 Date-Received: Fri, 30-Sep-83 02:36:56 PDT Organization: GenRad Inc., Concord, MA Lines: 111 This is the third and final part of a letter I received from the Loglan Institute. Ignore any implications made by the titles of previous articles that there would be more or fewer parts to this posting The first part of the letter was an announcement that the Institute intended to go public soon with the advances they've made in the last 10 years. The second part was a list of the materials they had on hand (available for sale) leftover from previous states of the language. This final section of the letter is a list of the new materials they will make available sometime this fall. -------------------------------------------------- WHAT WILL BE AVAILABLE? The Institute plans to have on hand the following kit of learning materials before going public again: *Loglan 1: A Logical Language, 4th Edition* To keep it genuinely introductory, the new edition of this basic book by JCB will be only a modest revision of the 1975 edition. Almost all the changes since 1975 have been additions; so the basic structure of the language has not changed. All erroneous statements in the current text will of course be corrected, and many of the most useful additions will be described. But to keep this first volume as short as possible, the reader will be told that a formally complete account of the language will be found in *Loglan 6*, a new book described below. (No plans are made to reissue *Loglan 2: Methods of Construction.* All chapters of this 1967 work by JCB are still available in Vols.1,2 of *The Loglanist*.) *Loglan 3: Learning Loglan, 2nd Edition.* This work has gone through several revisions, having started life as a programmed textbook in 1960-62. But the traditional primer format works better with cassettes and flashcards. So the present series of 3 trial primer lessons will be extended to about 20 before being published as the first volume in the L3 series. It is our hope to extend the series to cover even the most advanced topics of grammar and usage. *Loglan 4 & 5: A Loglan-English & English-Loglan Dictionary, 3rd Edition.* The new edition will be updated for new usages and morphology, and the size of its solid interface with English will probably be increased by about three-fold. *Loglan 6: Formal Structures.* This will be an entirely new work and in reference manual format. It will provide an always-current, easily referenceable description of the entire rule structure of Loglan in a form suitable for those working on the interface. It will include the machine grammar, the preparser algorithms, the phonology and morphology, and the various algorithms linking these structures into a single whole. It is planned to include brief historical accounts of the critical reasoning which led to the adoption of each new feature since 1975. **LIP: The Loglan Interactive Parser.** This computer software is described in the current list of What's Available, [in my note "Letter from the Loglan Institute, Part 2 of 3"] and will need only to be updated with the most recent grammar. *MacTeach.* This is a general name for a series of CAI programs now in preparation. These programs will use lists of primitives, affixes, little words, place-structures, Corpus utterances and parses provided by the Institute, and teach vocabulary, predicate usage, word-making and -decipherment, and utterance formation. *Cassettes.* We plan to record a new series of casettes to be used independently or in conjunction with the computer-aided *MacTeach* programs. Thus the learner will be able to listen to and repeat the same Loglan that he or she is responding to visually and manually on the *MacTeach* programs. * * * * * * * * We plan to start printing books again just as soon as the new *Loglan 1* and *Loglan 3* are camera-ready, and the new lexicon has settled down enough to permit "official" input lists to be prepared for at least the first four MacTeach programs. Meanwhile, the MacTeach programs themselves will have bee thoroughly tested by the Members of the Institute, and some of the new Cassettes will have been recorded. Thus the initial kit we plan to sell will be L1, L3.1-20, M1-4 and C1-4, where '4' and '20' are approximate. Meanwhile, the dictionary-building and the final verification for the technical material in *Loglan 6* can be going forward. We expect these more labor-intensive works to appear within six monthes to a year from the publication of the initial learning kit. In the interval, there are a few old L4&5's left. These will be offered with correcting documents to those among our new Loglanists who are most impatient to learn the language. For those who do have home computers, the MacTeach vocabulary programs will serve many of the functions of a dictionary. Welcome aboard! JCB -------------------------------------------------- If any of you already have some of the previously mentioned materials, I would be interested in reviews. Also, I'm interested in reviews of these publications as they come out. It's not clear yet whether I'll get any of it, as I don't think there's anyone around that I could use the language with. If anyone wants to communicate on the net in Loglan, that might provide the impetus to me to get some of the material. If anyone out there is interested in translating the Loglan Parser into C, I'm sure the Institute would love to hear from you. Their address is now: The Loglan Institute Inc. Route 10, Box 269 Gainesville, FL 32601 and their phone number is (904) 371-9574.