steven@cwi.nl (Steven Pemberton) (10/12/90)
A mailing list has been formed for discussions about the programming
language ABC.
If you'd like to join, please send a message, including your preferred
email address, to
abc-list-request@cwi.nl
To submit articles, you can send them to
abc-list@cwi.nl
Steven Pemberton, abc-list administriviator, steven@cwi.nl
WHAT IS ABC
This is a quick overview of the programming language ABC and its
implementations, and gives a few examples of ABC programs. Full
documentation about ABC is in the ABC Programmer's Handbook (details
below).
THE LANGUAGE
ABC is an imperative language originally designed as a replacement for
BASIC: interactive, very easy to learn, but structured, high-level,
and easy to use. ABC has been designed iteratively, and the present
version is the 4th iteration. The previous versions were called B (not
to be confused with the predecessor of C).
It is suitable for general everyday programming, the sort of
programming that you would use BASIC, Pascal, or AWK for. It is not a
systems-programming language. It is an excellent teaching language,
and because it is interactive, excellent for prototyping. It is much
faster than 'bc' for doing quick calculations.
ABC programs are typically very compact, around a quarter to a fifth
the size of the equivalent Pascal or C program. However, this is not
at the cost of readability, on the contrary in fact (see the examples
below).
ABC is simple to learn due to the small number of types in the
language (five). If you already know Pascal or something similar you
can learn the whole language in an hour or so. It is easy to use
because the data-types are very high-level.
The five types are:
numbers: unbounded length, with exact arithmetic the rule
texts (strings): also unbounded length
compounds: records without field names
lists: sorted collections of any one type of items (bags or multi-sets)
tables: generalised arrays with any one type of keys, any one type
of items (finite mappings).
THE ENVIRONMENT
The implementation includes a programming environment that makes
producing programs very much easier, since it knows a lot about the
language, and can therefore do much of the work for you. For instance,
if you type a W, the system suggests a command completion for you:
W?RITE ?
If that is what you want, you press [tab], and carry on typing the
expression; if you wanted WHILE, you type an H, and the system changes
the suggestion to match:
WH?ILE ?:
This mechanism works for commands you define yourself too. Similarly,
if you type an open bracket or quote, you get the closing bracket or
quote for free. You can ignore the suggestions if you want, and just
type the commands full out.
There is support for workspaces for developing different programs.
Within each workspace variables are persistent, so that if you stop
using ABC and come back later, your variables are still there as you
left them. This obviates the need for file-handling facilities: there
is no conceptual difference between a variable and a file in ABC.
The language is strongly-typed, but without declarations. Types are
determined from context.
EXAMPLES
The (second) best way to appreciate the power of ABC is to see some
examples (the first is to use it). In what follows, >>> is the
prompt from ABC:
NUMBERS
>>> WRITE 2**1000
107150860718626732094842504906000181056140481170553360744375038837
035105112493612249319837881569585812759467291755314682518714528569
231404359845775746985748039345677748242309854210746050623711418779
541821530464749835819412673987675591655439460770629145711964776865
42167660429831652624386837205668069376
>>> PUT 1/(2**1000) IN x
>>> WRITE 1 + 1/x
107150860718626732094842504906000181056140481170553360744375038837
035105112493612249319837881569585812759467291755314682518714528569
231404359845775746985748039345677748242309854210746050623711418779
541821530464749835819412673987675591655439460770629145711964776865
42167660429831652624386837205668069377
TEXTS
>>> PUT ("ha " ^^ 3) ^ ("ho " ^^ 3) IN laugh
>>> WRITE laugh
ha ha ha ho ho ho
>>> WRITE #laugh
18
>>> PUT "Hello! "^^1000 IN greeting
>>> WRITE #greeting
7000
LISTS
>>> WRITE {1..10}
{1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10}
>>> PUT {1..10} IN l
>>> REMOVE 5 FROM l
>>> INSERT pi IN l
>>> WRITE l
{1; 2; 3; 3.141592653589793; 4; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10}
>>> PUT {} IN ll
>>> FOR i IN {1..3}:
INSERT {1..i} IN ll
>>> WRITE ll
{{1}; {1; 2}; {1; 2; 3}}
>>> FOR l IN ll:
WRITE l /
{1}
{1; 2}
{1; 2; 3}
>>> WRITE #ll
3
COMPOUNDS
>>> PUT ("Square root of 2", root 2) IN c
>>> WRITE c
("Square root of 2", 1.414213562373095)
>>> PUT c IN name, value
>>> WRITE name
Square root of 2
>>> WRITE value
1.414213562373095
A TELEPHONE LIST
This uses the table data-type. In use, tables resemble arrays:
>>> PUT {} IN tel
>>> PUT 4054 IN tel["Jennifer"]
>>> PUT 4098 IN tel["Timo"]
>>> PUT 4134 IN tel["Guido"]
>>> WRITE tel["Jennifer"]
4054
You can write all ABC values out. Tables are kept sorted on the keys:
>>> WRITE tel
{["Guido"]: 4134; ["Jennifer"]: 4054; ["Timo"]: 4098}
The keys function returns a list:
>>> WRITE keys tel
{"Guido"; "Jennifer"; "Timo"}
>>> FOR name IN keys tel:
WRITE name, ":", tel[name] /
Guido: 4134
Jennifer: 4054
Timo: 4098
You can define your own commands:
HOW TO DISPLAY t:
FOR name IN keys t:
WRITE name<<10, t[name] /
>>> DISPLAY tel
Guido 4134
Jennifer 4054
Timo 4098
To find the user of a given number, you can use a quantifier:
>>> IF SOME name IN keys tel HAS tel[name] = 4054:
WRITE name
Jennifer
Or create the inverse table:
>>> PUT {} IN subscriber
>>> FOR name IN keys tel:
PUT name IN subscriber[tel[name]]
>>> WRITE subscriber[4054]
Jennifer
>>> WRITE subscriber
{[4054]: "Jennifer"; [4098]: "Timo"; [4134]: "Guido"}
Commands and functions are polymorphic:
>>> DISPLAY subscriber
4054 Jennifer
4098 Timo
4134 Guido
Functions may return any type. Note that indentation is significant -
there are no BEGIN-END's or { }'s:
HOW TO RETURN inverse t:
PUT {} IN inv
FOR k IN keys t:
PUT k IN inv[t[k]]
RETURN inv
>>> WRITE inverse tel
{[4054]: "Jennifer"; [4098]: "Timo"; [4134]: "Guido"}
>>> DISPLAY inverse inverse tel
Guido 4134
Jennifer 4054
Timo 4098
A CROSS-REFERENCE INDEXER
'Text files' are represented as tables of numbers to strings:
>>> DISPLAY poem
1 I've never seen a purple cow
2 I hope I never see one
3 But I can tell you anyhow
4 I'd rather see than be one
The following function takes such a document, and returns the
cross-reference index of the document: a table from words to lists of
line-numbers:
HOW TO RETURN index doc:
PUT {} IN where
FOR line.no IN keys doc:
TREAT LINE
RETURN where
TREAT LINE:
FOR word IN split doc[line.no]:
IF word not.in keys where:
PUT {} IN where[word]
INSERT line.no IN where[word]
TREAT LINE here is a refinement, directly supporting
stepwise-refinement. 'split' is a function that splits a string into
its space-separated words:
>>> WRITE split "Hello world"
{[1]: "Hello"; [2]: "world"}
>>> DISPLAY index poem
But {3}
I {2; 2; 3}
I'd {4}
I've {1}
a {1}
anyhow {3}
be {4}
can {3}
cow {1}
hope {2}
never {1; 2}
one {2; 4}
purple {1}
rather {4}
see {2; 4}
seen {1}
tell {3}
than {4}
you {3}
MORE INFORMATION
Full details of ABC and the implementations, along with many example
programs are in the book "The ABC Programmer's Handbook" by Leo Geurts,
Lambert Meertens and Steven Pemberton, published by Prentice-Hall
(ISBN 0-13-000027-2).
See also Steven Pemberton, "An Alternative Simple Language and
Environment for PCs", IEEE Software, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 1987, pp.
56-64.
There is an irregular newsletter available from us (address below),
and an electronic mailing list for discussions; to join send your
preferred email address to abc-list-request@cwi.nl .
IMPLEMENTATIONS
There are currently versions for Unix, MS DOS, the Mac, and Atari ST.
Various people are working on ports to other machines and systems.
The sources for the Unix version have been posted to the
comp.sources.unix group on Usenet [not yet appeared though]; the
binaries to comp.binaries.{mac, ibm.pc, atari.st}. They are also
available from some servers (for instance by anonymous ftp from
hp4nl.nluug.nl [-n 192.16.202.2] and mcsun.eu.net [-n 192.16.202.1]),
in the directory {pub}/programming/languages/abc, or send the mail
message
request: programming/languages/abc
topic: index
to info-server@hp4nl.nluug.nl, for a list of the available files, or use
topic: <filename>
to get one of the files. At the time of writing the files are:
INDEX
README
abc.intro
abc.mac.sit.hqx
abc.unix.tar.Z
abcpc.arc
abcst.arc
abcversions
All the implementations contain documentation. They are also available
by post from us at nominal cost.
ADDRESS
ABC Implementations
CWI/AA
Kruislaan 413
1098 SJ AMSTERDAM
The Netherlands
Email: abc@cwi.nlsteven@cwi.nl (Steven Pemberton) (10/16/90)
The implementations for ABC are now also available by ftp from uunet.uu.net [192.48.96.2] in directory languages/abc. Steven Pemberton, CWI, Amsterdam; steven@cwi.nl "Let us go then you and I/while the night is laid out against the sky/like a smear of mustard on an old pork pie" Nice poem Tom. I have ideas for changes though, why not come over? - Ezra