eugene@ames.UUCP (07/14/84)
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Soviet Space Activities
Marcia S. Smith
Congressional Research Service
Library of Congress
Soviet Launch sites: (map)
Plesetsk (near Akhangel'sk)
Kapustin Yar (near Volgagrad)
Tyuratam
/* Each corresponds to existing US lanunch sites: one for polar, another for
small, and other for most other lanuches */
Soviet Space Program Elements
Unmanned scientific program
Unnammed applications
Unmanned military
Manned civilian programs
Manned military programs
/* Again note parallels to partitioning, regarding parallels: note that
not all parallels are do to copying, but consider physical factors such as
the nature of fluid dynamics which make our shuttle and their space plane
look very much alike. */
Soviet Unmanned Scientific Space
Earth Orbital (On going)
Kosmos /* a general designation used for failures, too */
Interkosmos (22 fls. since 1969) /*sorry no notes, forgot why diff */
Prognoz (9 fls since 1967)
Lunar
Luna/Lunokhod (24 fls since 1959, 3 successful sample returns, 2
rovers (lunokhods))
Zond
Planetary
Mars ( 7 fls) /*none suscessful*/
Venus (16 fls since 1961) /*partially successfull*/
Soviet Unmanned Applications
Weather
Meteor
Earth Resources
Kosmos and Salyut (film) /*note emphasis on film rather than imaging*/
Meteor-Priroda (scanner) /*newer trend*/
Communications
Molniya
Statsionar Series (1st geostat. in 1974)
Raduga/Gorizont (Communication)
Ekran (Broadcasting)
Intersputnik organization /*guess!*/
Inmarsat
Navigation
Tsikada /*like US programs*/
Glonass
Ocean Resources /*they have big sea ice problems, their imagery has appeared
in AW&ST, so tihs is a big area for them*/
Geodesy /*like US programs*/
Current Military uses of Space
Communications
Navigation
Weather
Geodesy and Mapping
Recon: (Photo, Ocean Surv., Early warning, Elect., Nuc. Exp. Detect.)
Weapons
Special Soviet Unmanned Programs
Radar Ocean Surveillance /* an important point for FBMSubs. I asked how the
Soviets did their processing (on board or ground) to which I got a "that's
classified." */
FOBS /* this was included in SALT II agreements, but current Admin dropped*/
ASats /*enough said*/
Summary of Soviet manned programs
Vostok (1961-1963) 6 fls:1st man, 1st woman in space
Voskhod (1964-1965) 2 fls: 1st 3-man crew, 1st EVA
Soyuz (1967-1981) 38 fls, 3 unmanned, 25 manned to Salyut space stations,
2 unmanned to stations, 19 of 25 manned fls were
successful
Soyuz T (1979-pres.) 10 manned fls, 1 manned launch failure, 1 unmanned test
fl.
Salyut Space station 8 launches since 1971, 6 sucessful, 5 civilian
3 military: distinction can be made by telemtry,
crew composition, orbit altitude and mission.
Summary of Fre Flying Soyuz missions
Soyuz 1-9 (Pre-space-station):
S 1: Death of Pilot Komarov on Apr. 24, 1967
S 2/3 Rendezvous between manned S 3 and unmanned S 2
S 4/5 First docking of two manned ships, crew transfer
via EVA
S 6/7/8 Group flight, S 6 performed first space welding,
S6 and S8 were supposed to dock, but did not
S 9 New world space duration record 17 days 17 hours
Soyuz 12,13,16,19,22
S 12 Systems test after fatal S11 (A Kosmos)
S 13 in lieu of space station (after 2 station failures)
8 day Earth Resources and astronomy mission
S 16 Systems test of modified Soyuz for ASTP
S 19 ASTP
S 22 Earth resources with German multispectral camera
1st non-Russian equipment on manned mission
Summary of Soyuz/Salyut Missions
Space Stations
Salyut 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, S1, K 557, S4,6,7 were civilian missions
Kosmos 557 K577 was a failure.
S 2,3,4 were military missions S2 was a failure
Soyuz Transport Craft
Soyuz 10/11 (Salyut 1) S 10 docked but could not enter
S 11 sucessful 23 day 18 hour mission, but crew died on
reentry of asphyxiation
Soyuz 14/15 (Salyut 3) Reminder of these flights were ferry craft
Soyuz 17/18A/18/20 (Salyut 4) (without solar panels) for Salyut 3,4,5,6.
Soyuz 21/23/24 (Salyut 5) Soyuz 15/18A/23/25/33/Soyuz T-8 were
failures/ Soyuz 20 and T-2 were unmanned tests.
Soyuz 25-40 Soyuz T1-4 (Salyut 6) Soyuz 34 was unmanned replacement for 32.
Soyuz T-3 was first 3man crew since S11.
10 missions carried international crews.
Soyuz T5-11 (salyut 7) Soyuz T-5 crew set new duration (211 days).
Soyuz T-7 launched second woman in space
/*just preceded Sally Ride*/ Soyuz T10-A
attempt aborted due to launch pad fire: crew
used escape tower
Salyut 6 Summary
Launch Sept 26 1977, deorbited July 29, 1982, Second generation station with
two docking ports (incuding fuel transfer) with resupply missions (Progess
transport ships) and multiplew crew dockings.
Kosmos 1267 docked June 1981 for 1 year of tests related to modular space
station construction.
Crews set new duration records of 96, 140, 175, and 185 days.
18 manned Soyuz/Soyuz T flights: 2 unmanned, 12 unmanned Progress craft
(2 manned flight did not sucessfully dock 25 and 33).
9 international crews:
28 (Remek - Czech)
30 (Hermaszewski - Pol.)
31 (Jahn - East Germ.)
33 (Ivanov - Bulg)
36 (Farkas - Hung)
37 (Pham Tuan - Viet.)
38 (Tamayo Mendez - Cuba)
39 (Gurragcha - Mongolia)
40 (Prunariu - Romania)
Experiments in biology, astronomy, materials processing, earth resources
and photography.
Salyut 7 Summary
Launch Apr 19 1982, Virtually identical to S 6, 3 crews during 1982, new
duration of 211 days, first French "spationaut" and second woman in space.
Kosmos 1443, A multipurpose module like Kosmos 1267. Soyuz T-8 failed to
dock. S T-9 stayed 149 days and installed solar panels (including
one GaAs panel) Appempt to launch S T 10A crew (replacement?) failed.
Soyuz T-10 crew now on board. Two of three members have performed
multiple EVAs to repair malfunctioning fuel tank value.
Photo of 1443
Future directions of Manned Soviet Flight
Permanent Earth Orbital Station
Manned Interplanetary Missions
Manned Moon Missions
"Super Booster" /* problem of low energy fuels, even China is using H2-02*/
Space shuttle /*and space plane, DOD terminology*/
Diagrams from Soviet Military power diagraming US Shuttle size to above
vehicles
Photo - Soviet Space plane recovery from I. Ocean
US/USSR Comparisons
/*Speaker shows viewgraph and states "You cannot just judge by numerical
values" you get into deep water very quickly"*/
Total Launches 1957-1982
US 796 successes
106 failures
USSR 1538 successes
187? failures
Total launches 1983
US 22
USSR 98 /*It must be remembered that Soviet space technology
and objectives differ. They launch very short lived,
satellites, they use film rather than imagers, etc.
but on the whole our systems are better built*/
Total Manned Launches since 1961
US 42 (3 to a space station, all sucessful)
USSR 56 (32 to space stations, 25 sucessful, +1 launch failure)
Cumulative hours in space
US 29,153:06 (Longest flight 84 days)
USSR 70,407:46 (longest flight 211 days*)
*Does not count current Soyuz T-10/T-11 mission.
/* It is this last figure which is significant, and the speaker
enumerated reasons such as fuel transfer in space, materials processing,
space health, etc.)*/
If you need certain other specifics, I will try to remember me as I didn't
take notes (next time).
If there are typos and what, not...... I spent time over three days
keying this as I am not a touch tyist. Seriously->anybody have an
suggestions for purchasing good optical character readers? Good meaning,
works well, service is okay, etc. Is the Wang system any good?
--eugene miya
NASA Ames Res. Ctr.
{hplabs,hao,dual}!ames!aurora!eugene