brian@ucsd.Edu (Brian Kantor) (03/15/91)
[Note: there are a number of typographical errors in this document,
and it does not include the latest revisions for the no-code license.
Best I had. - B.]
APPENDIX A
Part 97 of Chapter 1 of Title 47 of the Code of Federal
Regulations is amended, as follows:
1. The authority citation for Part 97 continues to read as
follows:
AUTHORITY: 48 Stat. 1066, 1082, as amended; 47 U.S.C. 154,
303. Interpret or apply 48 Stat. 1064-1068, 1081-1105, as
amended; 47 U.S.C. 151-155, 301-609, unless otherwise noted.
2. Part 97 is revised as follows:
PART 97 -- AMATEUR RADIO SERVICE
Subpart A -- General Provisions
Sec.
97.1 Basis and purpose.
97.3 Definitions.
97.5 Station license required.
97.7 Control operator required.
97.9 Operator license.
97.11 Stations aboard ships or aircraft.
97.13 Restrictions on station location.
97.15 Station antenna structures.
97.17 Application for new license.
97.19 Application for renewed or modified license.
97.21 Mailing address and station location.
97.23 License term.
97.25 FCC modification of station license.
97.27 Replacement license.
Subpart B -- Station Operation Standards
97.101 General standards.
97.103 Station licensee responsibilities.
97.105 Control operator duties.
97.107 Alien control operator privileges.
97.109 Station control.
97.111 Authorized transmissions.
97.113 Prohibited transmissions.
97.115 Third-party traffic.
97.117 International communications.
97.119 Station identification.
97.121 Restricted operation.
Subpart C -- Special Operations
97.201 Auxiliary station.
97.203 Beacon station.
97.205 Repeater station.
97.207 Space station.
97.209 Earth station.
97.211 Telecommand station.
97.213 Remote control of a station.
97.215 Remote control of model craft.
Subpart D -- Technical Standards
97.301 Authorized frequency bands.
97.303 Frequency sharing requirements.
97.305 Authorized emission types.
97.307 Emission standards.
97.309 RTTY and data emission digital codes.
97.311 SS emission types.
97.313 Transmitter power standards.
97.315 Type acceptance of external RF power amplifiers.
97.317 Standards for type acceptance of external RF power
amplifiers.
Subpart E -- Providing Emergency Communications
97.401 Operation during a disaster.
97.403 Safety of life and protection of property.
97.405 Station in distress.
97.407 Radio amateur civil emergency service.
Subpart F -- Qualifying Examination Systems
97.501 Qualifying for an amateur operator license.
97.503 Element standards.
97.505 Element credit.
97.507 Preparing an examination.
97.509 Administering an examination.
97.511 Technician, General, Advanced, and Amateur Extra
Class operator license examination.
97.513 Novice Class operator license examination.
97.515 Volunteer examiner requirements.
97.517 Volunteer examiner conduct.
97.519 Coordinating examination sessions.
97.521 VEC qualifications.
97.523 Question pools.
97.525 Accrediting VEs.
97.527 Reimbursement for expenses.
Appendix 1 Places where the amateur service is regulated by
the FCC.
Appendix 2 VEC Regions.
Subpart A -- General Provisions
\(sc 97.1 Basis and prupose.
The rules and regulations in this Part are designed to
provide an amateur radio service having a fundamental purpose as
expressed in the following principles:
(a) Recognition and enhancement of the value of the amateur
service to the public as a voluntary noncommercial communication
service, particularly with respect to providing emergency
communications.
(b) Continuation and extension of the amateur's proven
ability to contribute to the advancement of the radio art.
(c) Encouragement and improvement of the amateur service
through rules which provide for advancing skills in both the
communication and technical phases of the art.
(d) Expansion of the existing reservoir within the amateur
radio service of trained operators, technicians, and electronics
experts.
(e) Continuation and extension of the amateur's unique
ability to enhance international goodwill.
\(sc 97.3 Definitions.
(a) The definitions of terms used in Part 97 are:
(1) Amateur operator. A person holding a written
authorization to be the control operator of an amateur station.
(2) Amateur radio services. The amateur service, the
amateur-satellite service and the radio amateur civil emergency
service.
(3) Amateur -- satellite service. A radiocommunication
service using stations on Earth satellites for the same purpose
as those of the amateur service.
(4) Amateur srvice. A radiocommunication service for the
purpose of self-training, intercommunication and technical
investigations carried out by amateurs, that is, duly authorized
persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim
and without pecuniary interest.
(5) Amateur station. A station in an amateur radio service
consisting of the apparatus necessary for carrying on
radiocommunications.
(6) Automatic control. The use of devices and procedures for
control of a station when it is transmitting so that compliance
with the FCC Rules is achieved without the control operator being
present at a control point.
(7) Auxiliary station. An amateur station transmitting
communications point-to-point within a system of cooperating
amateur stations.
(8) Bandwidth. The width of a frequency band outside of
which the mean power of the total emission is attenuated at least
26 dB below the mean power of the total emission, including
allowances for transmitter drift or Doppler shift.
(9) Beacon. An amateur station transmitting communications
for the purposes of observation of propagation and reception or
other related experimental activites.
(10) Broadcasting. Transmissions intended for reception by
the general public, either direct or relayed.
(11) Control operator. An amateur operator designated by the
licensee of a station to be responsible for the transmissions
from that station to assure compliance with the FCC Rules.
(12) Control point. The location at which the control
operator function is performed.
(13) CSCE. Certificate of successful completion of an
examination.
(14) Earth station. An amateur station located on, or within
50 km of, the Earth's surface intended for communications with
space stations or with other Earth stations by means of one or
more other objects in space.
(15) EIC. Engineer in Charge of an FCC Field Facility.
(16) External RF power amplifier. A device capable of
increasing power output when used in conjunction with, but not an
integral part of, a transmitter.
(17) External RF power amplifier kit. A number of electronic
parts, which, when assembled, is an external RF power amplifier,
even if additional parts are required to complete assembly.
(18) FAA. Federal Aviation Administration.
(19) FCC. Federal Communications Commission.
(20) Frequency coordinator. An entity, recognized in a local
or regional area by amateur operators whose stations are eligible
to be auxiliary or repeater stations, that recommends
transmit/receive channels and associated operating and technical
parameters for such stations in order to avoid or minimize
potential interference.
(21) Harmful interference. Interference which endangers the
functioning of a radionavigation service or of other safety
services or seriously degrades, obstructs or repeatedly
interrupts a radiocommunication service operating in accordance
with the Radio Regulations.
(22) Indicator. Words, letters or numerals appended to and
separated from the call sign during the station identification.
(23) Information bulletin. A message directed only to
amateur operators consisting solely of subject matter of direct
interest to the amateur service.
(24) International Morse code. A dot-dash code as defined in
International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee
(CCITT) Recommendation F.1 (1984), Division B, I. Morse code.
(25) ITU. International Telecommunication Union.
(26) Line A. Begins at Aberdeen, WA, running by great circle
arc to the intersection of 48\(deN, 120\(deW, thence along parallel
48\(deN, to the intersection of 95\(deW, thence by great circle arc
through the southernmost point of Duluth, MN, thence by great
circle arc to 45\(deN, 85\(deW, thence southward along meridian
85\(deW, to its intersection with parallel 41\(deN, thence along
parallel 41\(deN, to its intersection with meridian 82\(deW, thence
by great circle arc through the southernmost point of Bangor, ME,
thence by great circle arc through the southernmost point of
Searsport, ME, at which point it terminates.
(27) Local control. The use of a control operator who
directly manipulates the operating adjustments in the station to
achieve compliance with the FCC Rules.
(28) National Radio Quiet Zone. The area in Maryland,
Virginia and West Virginia Bounded by 39\(de 15'N on the north,
78\(de 30'W on the east, 37\(de 30'N on the south and 80\(de 30'W on
the west.
(29) Question pool. All current examination questions for a
designated written examination element.
(30) Question set. A series of examination questions on a
given examination selected from the question pool.
(31) Radio Regulations. The latest ITU Radio Regulations to
which the United States is a party.
(32) RACES (radio amateur civil emergency service). A radio
service using amateur stations for civil defense communications
during periods of local, regional or national civil emergencies.
(33) Remote control. The use of a control operator who
indirectly manipulates the operating adjustments in the station
through a control link to achieve compliance with the fCC Rules.
(34) Repeater. An amateur station that automatically
retransmits the signals of other stations.
(35) Space station. An amateur station located more than 50
km above the earth's surface.
(36) Spurious emission. An emission, on frequencies outside
the necessary bandwidth of a transmission, the level of which may
be reduced without affecting the information being transmitted.
(37) Telecommand station. An amateur station that transmits
communications to initiate, modify or terminate functions of a
space station.
(38) Third party communications. A message from the control
operator (first party) of an amateur station to another amateur
station control operator (second party) on behalf of another
person (third party).
(39) VE. Volunteer examiner.
(40) VEC. Volunteer-examiner coordinator.
(b) The definitions of technical symbols used in this Part
are:
(1) EHF (extremely high frequency). The frequency range 30-
300 GHz.
(2) HF (high frequency). The frequency range 3-30 MHz.
(3) Hz. Hertz.
(4) m. Meters
(5) MF (medium frequency). The frequency range 300-3000 kHz.
(6) PEP (peak envelope power). The average power supplied to
the antenna transmission line by a transmitter during one RF
cycle at the crest of the modulation envelope taken under normal
operating conditions.
(7) RF. Radio frequency.
(8) SHF (super-high frequency). The frequency range 3-30
GHz.
(9) UHF (ultra-high frequency). The frequency range 300-3000
MHz.
(10) VHF (very-high frequency). The frequency range 30-300
mHz.
(11) W. Watts.
(c) The following terms are used in this Part to indicate
emission types. Refer to S 2.201 of the FCC Rules, Emission,
modulation and transmission characteristics, for information on
emission type designators.
(1) CW. International Morse code telegraphy emissions having
designators with A, C, H, J or R as the first symbol; 1 as the
second symbol; A or B as the third symbol; and emissions J2A and
J2B.
(2) Data. Telemetry, telecommand and computer communications
emissions having designators with A, C, D, F, G, H, J or R as the
first symbol; 1 as the second symbol; D as the third symbol; and
emission J2D. Only a digital code of a type specifically
authorized in this Part may be transmitted.
(3) Image. Facsimile and television emissions having
designators with A, C, D, F, G, H, J or R as the first symbol; 1,
2 or 3 as the second symbol; C or F as the third symbol; and
emissions having B as the first symbol; 7, 8 or 9 as the second
symbol; W as the third symbol.
(4) MCW. Tone-modulated international Morse code telegraphy
emissions having designators with A, C, D, F, G, H or R as the
first symbol; 2 as the second symbol; A or B as the third symbol.
(5) Phone. Speech and other sound emissions having
designators with A, C, D, F, G, H, J or R as the first symbol; 1,
2 or 3 as the second symbol; E as the third symbol. Also speech
emissions having B as the first symbol; 7, 8 or 9 as the second
symbol; E as the third symbol. MCW for the purpose of performing
the station identification procedure, or for providing telegraphy
practice interspersed with speech. Incidental tones for the
purpose of selective calling or alerting or to control the level
of a demodulated signal may also be considered phone.
(6) Pulse. Emissions having designators with K, L, M, P, Q,
V or W as the first symbol; 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9 or X as the
second symbol; A, B, C, D, E, F, N, W or X as the third symbol.
(7) RTTY. Narrow-band direct-printing telegraphy emissions
having designators with A, C, D, F, G, H, J or R as the first
symbol; 1 as the second symbol; B as the third symbol; and
emission J2B. Only a digital code of a type specifically
authorized in this Part may be transmitted.
(8) SS. Spread-spectrum emissions using bandwidth-expansion
modulation emissions having designators with A, C, D, F, G, H, J
or R as the first symbol; X as the second symbol; X as the third
symbol. Only a SS emission of a type specifically authorized in
this Part may be transmitted.
(9) Test. Emissions containing no information having the
designators with N as the third symbol. Test does not include
pulse emissions with no information or modulation unless pulse
emissions are also authorized in the frequency band.
\(sc 97.5 Station license required.
(a) When a station is transmitting on any amateur service
frequency from a geographic location within 50 km of the Earth's
surface where the amateur service is regulated by the FCC, the
person having physical control of the apparatus must hold an FCC-
issued written authorization for an amateur station.
(b) When a station is transmitting on any amateur service
frequency from a location within 50 km of the Earth's surface and
aboard any vessel or craft that is documented or registered in
the United States, the person having physical control of the
apparatus must hold an FCC-issued written authorization for an
amateur station.
(c) When a station is transmitting on any amateur-sattelite
service frequency from a location more than 50 km above the
Earth's surface aboard any craft that is documented or registered
in the United States, the person having physical control of the
apparatus must hold an FCC-issued written authorization for an
amateur station.
(d) The types of written authorizations that permit amateur
station operation where the amateur service is regulated by the
FCC are:
(1) An operator/primary station license (FCC Form 660)
issued to the person by the FCC. A primary station license is
issued only to a person, together with an operator license on the
same document. Every amateur operator licensed by the FCC must
have one, but only one, primary station license. Except a
representative of a foreign government, any person who qualifies
by examination is eligible to apply for an operator/primary
station license.
(2) A club station license (FCC form 660) issued to the
person by the FCC. A club station license is issued only to the
rperson who is the license trustee designated by an officer of
the club. The trustee must hold an FCC-issued Amateur Extra,
Advanced, General, or Technician operator license. The club must
be composed of at least two persons and must have a name, a
document of organization, management and a primary purpose
devoted to amateur service activities consistent with this Part.
(3) A military recreation station license (FCC Form 660)
issued to the person by the FCC. A military recreation station
license is issued only to the person who is the license custodian
designated by the official in charge of the United States
military recreational premises where the station is situated. The
custodian must not be a representative of a foreign government.
The custodian need not hold an amateur operator license.
(4) A RACES station license (FCC Form 660) issued to the
person by the FCC. A RACES station license is issued only to the
person who is the license custodian designated by the official
responsible for the governmental agency served by that civil
defense organization. The custodian must not be a representative
of a foreign government. The custodian must be the civil defense
official responsible for coordination of all civil defense
activities in the area concerned. The custodian need not hold an
amateur operator license.
(5) A reciprocal permit for alien amateur licensee (FCC Form
610-AL) issued to the person by the FCC. A reciprocal permit for
alien amateur licensee is issued only to a person who is a
citizen of a country with which the United States has
arrangements to grant recirpocal operating permits to visiting
alien amateur operators. The person must be a citizen of the same
country that issued the amateur service license. No person who is
a citizen of the United States, regardless of any other
citizenship also held, is eligible for a reciprocal permit for
alien amateur licensee. No person holding an FCC-issued amateur
service license will be issued a reciprocal permit for alien
amateur license.
(6) An amateur service license issued to the person by the
Government of Canada. The person must be a Canadian citizen.
(e) The written authorization for an amateur station
authorizes the use in accordance with the FCC Rules of all
transmitting apparatus under the physical control of the station
licensee at points where the amateur service is regulated by the
FCC. The original written authorization document or a photocopy
thereof must be retained at the station.
\(sc 97.7 Control operator required.
When transmitting, each amateur station must have a control
operator. Only a person holding one of the following documents
may be the control operator of a station:
(a) An operator/primary station license (FCC Form 660)
issued to the person by the FCC.
(b) A reciprocal permit for alien amateur licensee (FCC Form
610-AL) issued to the person by the FCC.
(c) An amateur service license issued to a Canadian citizen
by the Government of Canada.
\(sc 97.9 Operator license.
(a) There are 5 classes of operator licenses: Novice,
Technician, General, Advanced and Amateur Extra. An operator
license authorizes the holder to be the control operator of a
station with the privileges of the operator class specified on
the license. The license document or a photocopy thereof must be
in the personal possession of the licensee at all times when the
person is the control operator of a station.
(b) A person holding a Novice, Technician, general, or
Advanced Class operator license who has properly filed with the
FCC an application for a higher operator class which has not yet
been acted upon, and who holds a CSCE indicating that the person
completed the necessary examinations within the previous 365 days
is authorized to exercise the rights and privileges of the higher
operator class.
\(sc 97.11 Stations aboard ships or aircraft.
(a) The installation and operation of an amateur station on
a ship or aircraft must be approved by the master of the ship or
pilot in command of the aircraft.
(b) The station must be separate from and independent of all
other radio apparatus installed on the ship or aircraft, except a
common antenna may be shared with a voluntary ship radio
installation. The station's transmissions must not cause
interference to any other apparatus installed on the ship or
aircrarft.
(c) The station must not constitute a hazard to the safety
of life or property. For a station aboard an aircraft, the
apparatus shall not be operated while the aircraft is operating
under Instrument Flight Rules, as defined by the FAA, unless the
station has been found to comply with all applicable FAA Rules.
\(sc 97.13 Restrictions on station locations.
(a) Before placing an amateur station on land of
environmental importance or that is significant in American
history, architecture or culture, the licensee may be required to
take certain action prescribed by SS 1.1305-1.1319 of the FCC
Rules.
(b) A station within 1600 m (1 mile) of an FCC monitoring
facility must protect that facility from harmful interference.
Failure to do so could result in imposition of operating
restrictions upon the amateur station by an EIC pursuant to
\(sc 97.121 of this Part. Geographical coordinates of the facilities
that require protection are listed in \(sc 0.121(c) of the FCC
Rules.
\(sc 97.15 Station antenna structures.
(a) Unless the amateur station licensee has received prior
approval from the FCC, no antenna structure, including the
radiating elements, tower, supports and all appurtenances, may be
higher than 61 m (200 feet) above ground level at its site.
(b) Unless the amateur station licensee has received prior
approval from the FCC, no antenna structure, at an airport or
heliport that is available for public use and is listed in the
Airport Directory of the current Airman's Information Manual or
in either the Alsaka or Pacific Airman's Guide and Chart
Supplement; or at an airport or heliport under construction that
is the subject of a notice or proposal on file with the FAA, and
except for military airports, it is clearly indicated that the
airport will be available for public use; or at an airport or
heliport that is operated by the armed forces of the United
States; or at a place near any of these airports or heliports,
may be higher than:
(1) 1 m above the airport elevation for each 100 m from the
nearest runway longer than 1 km within 6.1 km of the antenna
structure.
(2) 2 m above the airport elevation for each 100 m from the
nearest runway longer than 1 km within 3.1 km of the antenna
structure.
(3) 4 m above the airport elevation for each 100 m from the
nearest landing pad within 1.5 km of the antenna structure.
(c) An amateur station antenna structure no higher than 6.1
m (20 feet) above ground level at its site or no higher than 6.1
m above any natural object or existing manmade structure, other
than an antenna structure, is exempt from the requirements of
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Section.
(d) Further details as to whether an aeronautical study
and/or obstruction marking and lighting may be required, and
specifications for obstruction marking and lighting, are
contained in Part 17 of the FCC Rules, Construction, Marking, and
Lighting of Antenna Structures. To request approval to place an
antenna structure higher than the limits specified in paragraphs
(a), (b) and (c) of this Section, the licensee must notify the
FAA on FAA Form 7460-1 and the FCC on FCC Form 854.
(e) Except as otherwise provided herein, a station antenna
structure may be erected at heights and dimensions sufficient to
accommodate amateur service communications. [State and local
regulation of a station antenna structure must not preclude
amateur service communications. Rather, it must reasonably
accommodate such communications and must constitute the minimum
practicable regulation to accomplish the state or local
authority's legitimate purpose. See PRB-1, 101 FCC 2d, 952 (1985)
for details.]
\(sc 97.17 Application for new license.
(a) Any qualified person is eligible to apply for an amateur
service license.
(b) Each application for a new operator/primary station
license must be made on fCC Form 610. Each aplication for a
reciprocal permit for alien amateur licensee must be made on FCC
Form 610-A. No new license for a club, military recreation, or
RACES station will be issued.
(c) Each application for a new operator/primary station
license and each application involving a change in operator class
must be submitted to the VEs administering the qualifying
examination.
(d) Any qualified person is eligible to apply for a
recirpocal permit for alien amateur licensee. The application
must be submitted to the FCC, P.O. Box 1020, Gettysburg, PA
17326.
(e) No person shall obtain or attempt to obtain, or assist
another person to obtain or attempt to obtain, an operator
license or reciprocal permit for alien amateur licensee by
fraudulent means.
(f) A call sign will be assigned systematically to each
station. The FCC will issue public announcements detailing the
policies and procedures of the call sign assignment system. The
FCC will not grant any request for a specific call sign.
\(sc 97.19 Application for a renewed or modified license.
(a) Each application for a renewed or modified
operator/primary station license must be made on FCC Form 610.
Each application for a renewed or modified club, military
recreation or RACES station license must be made on FCC Form 610-
B. A reciprocal permit for alien amateur licensee is not
renewable. A new reciprocal permit may be issued upon proper
application.
(b) Each application for a renewed or modified amateur
service license must be accompanied by a photocopy of the license
document or the original document. Each application for a
modified operator license involving a change in operator class
must be submitted to the VEs administering the qualifying
examination. All other applications must be submitted to: FCC,
P.O. Box 1020, Gettysburg, PA 17326.
(c) When the licensee has submitted a timely application for
renewal of an unexpired license (between 60 and 90 days prior to
the end of the license term is recommended), the licensee may
continue to operate until the disposition of the application has
been determined. If a license expires, application for renewal
may be made during a grace period of 2 years after the expiration
date. During this grace period, the expired license ise not
valid. A license renewed during the grace period must be dated as
of the date of the renewal.
\(sc 97.21 Mailing address and station location.
Each application for an amateur service license and each
application for a reciprocal permit for alien amateur licensee
must show a mailing address and a station location (the addresses
may be the same) in an area where the amateur service is
regulated by the FCC. The mailing address must be one where the
licensee can receive mail delivery by the United States Postal
Service. The station location must be a place where a station can
be physically located. (A Postal Service box, RFD number, or
general delivery is unsuitable as a station location.)
\(sc 97.23 License term.
(a) An amateur srvice license is normally issued for a 10-
year term.
(b) A reciprocal permit for alien amateur licensee is
normally issued for a 1-year term.
\(sc 97.25 FCC modification of station license.
(a) The FCC may modify a station license, either for a
limited time or for the duration of the term thereof, if it
determines:
(1) That such action will promote the public interest,
convenience and necessity; or
(2) That such action will promote fuller compliance with the
provisions of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, or of
any treaty ratified by the United States.
(b) When the FCC makes such a determination, it will issue
an order of modification. The order will not become final until
the licensee is notified in writing of the proposed action and
the grounds and reasons therefor. The licensee will be given
reasonable opportunity of no less than 30 days to protest the
modification; except that, where safety of life or property is
involved, a shorter period of notice may be provided. Any protest
by a licensee of an FCC orderof modification will be handled in
accordlance with the provisions of 47 U.S.C. S 316.
\(sc 97.27 Replacement license.
Each licensee or permittee whose original document is lost,
mutilated or destroyed must request a replacement. The request
must be made to: FCC, P.O. Box 1020, gettysburg, PA 17326. A
statement of how the document was lost, mutilated or destroyed
must be attached to the request. A replacement license must bear
the same expiration date as the license that it replaces.
Subpart B -- Station Operation Standards
\(sc 97.101 General standards.
(a) In all respects not specifically covered by FCC Rules
each amateur station must be operated in accordance with good
engineering and good amateur practice.
(b) Each station licensee and each control operator must
cooperate in selecting transmitting channels and in making the
most effective use of the amateur service frequencies. no
frequency will be assigned for the exclusive use of any station.
(c) At all times and on all frequencies, each control
operator must give priority to stations providing emergency
communications, except to stations transmitting communications
for training drills and tests in RACES.
(d) No amateur operator shall willfully or maliciously
interfere with or cause interference to any radio communication
or signal.
\(sc 97.103 Station licensee responsibilities.
(a) The station licensee is responsible for the proper
operation of the station in accordance with the FCC Rules. When
the control operator is a different amateur operator than the
station licensee, both persons are equally responsible for proper
operation of the station.
(b) The station licensee must designate the station control
operator. The FCC will presume that the station licensee is also
the control operator, unless documentation to the contrary is in
the station records.
(c) The station licensee must make the station and the
station records available for inspection upon request by an FCC
representative. When deemed necessary by an EIC to assure
compliance with the FCC Rules, the station licensee must maintain
a record of station operations containing such items of
information as the EIC may require in accord with S 0.314(x) of
the FCC Rules.
\(sc 97.105 Control operator duties.
(a) The control operator must ensure the immediate proper
operation of the station, regardless of the type of control.
(b) A station may only be operated in the manner and to the
extent permitted by the privileges authorized for the class of
operator license held by the control operator.
\(sc 97.107 Alien control operator privileges.
(a) The privileges available to a control operator holding
an amateur service license issued by the Government of Canada
are:
(1) The terms of the Convention Between the United States
and Canada (TIAS no. 2508) Relating to the Operation by Citizens
of Either Country of Certain Radio Equipment or Stations in the
Other country;
(2) The operating terms and conditions of the amateur
service license issued by the Government of Canada; and
(3) The applicable provisions of the FCC Rules, but not to
exceed the control operator privileges of an FCC-issued Amateur
Extra Class operator license.
(b) The privileges available to a control operator holding
an FCC-issued reciprocal permit for alien amateur licensee are:
(1) The terms of the agreement between the alien's
government and the United States;
(2) The operating terms and conditions of the amateur
service license issued by the alien's government;
(3) The applicable provisions of the FCC Rules, but not to
exceed the control operator privileges of an FCC-issued Amateur
Extra Class operator license; and
(4) None, if the holder of the reciprocal permit has
obtained an FCC-issued operator/primary station license.
(c) At any time the FCC may, in its discretion, modify,
suspend, or cancel the amateur service privileges within or over
any area where radio services are regulated by the FCC of any
Canadian amateur service licensee or alien reciprocal permittee.
\(sc 97.109 Station control.
(a) Each amateur station must have at least one control
point.
(b) When a station is being locally controlled, the control
operator must be at the control point. Any station may be locally
controlled.
(b) When a station is being remotely controlled, the control
operator must be at the control point. Any station may be
remotely controlled.
(c) When a station is being automatically controlled, the
control operator need not be at the control point. Only stations
specifically designated elsewhere in this Part may be
automatically controlled. Automatic control must cease upon
notification by an EIC that the station is transmitting
improperly or causing harmful interference to other stations.
Automatic control must not be resumed without prior approval of
the EIC.
(d) No station may be automatically controlled while
transmitting third-party traffic, except a station retransmitting
digital packet radio communications on the 6 m and shorter
wavelength bands. Such stations must be using the American Radio
Relay League, Inc. AX.25 Amateur Packet -- Radio Link -- Layer
Protocol, Version 2.0, October 1984 (or compatible). The
retransmitted messages must originate at a station that is being
locally or remotely controlled.
\(sc 97.111 Authorized transmissions.
(a) An amateur station may transmit the following types of
two-way communications:
(1) Transmissions necessary to exchange messages with other
stations in the amateur service, except those in any country
whose administration has given notice that it objects to such
communications. The FCC will issue public notices of current
arrangements for international communications;
(2) Transmissions necessary to exchange messages with a
station in another FCC-regulated service while providing
emergency communications;
(3) Transmissions necessary to exchange messages with a
United States government station, necessary to providing
communications in RACES; and
(4) Transmissions necessary to exchange messages with a
station in a service not regulated by the FCC, but authorized by
the FCC to communicate with amateur stations. An amateur station
may exchange messages with a participating United States military
station during an Armed Forces Day Communications Test.
(b) In addition to one-way transmissions specifically
authorized elsewhere in this Part, an amateur station may
transmit the following types of one-way communications:
(1) Brief transmissions necessary to make adjustments to the
station;
(2) Brief transmissions necessary to establishing two-way
communications with other stations;
(3) Transmissions necessary to remotely control a device
from a distant location;
(4) Transmissions necessary to providing emergency
communications;
(5) Transmissions necessary to assisting persons learning,
or improving proficiency in, the international Morse code; and
(6) Transmissions necessary to disseminate information
bulletins.
\(sc 97.113 Prohibited transmissions.
(a) No amateur station shall transmit any communication the
purpose of which is to facilitate the business or commercial
affairs of any party. No station shall transmit communications as
an alternative to other authorized radio services, except as
necessary to providing emergency communications. A station may,
however, transmit communications to:
(1) Facilitate the public's safe observation of, or safe
participation in, a parade, race, marathon or similar public
gathering. No amateur station shall transmit communications
concerning moving, supplying and quartering observers and
participants for any sponsoring organization unless the principal
beneficiary of such communications is the public and any benefit
to the sponsoring organization is incidental.
(2) Inform other amateur operators of the availability of
apparatus normally used in an amateur station, including such
apparatus for sale or trade. This exception is not authorized to
any person seeking to derive a profit by buying or selling such
apparatus on a regular basis.
(b) No station shall transmit messages for hire or for
material compensation, direct or indirect, paid or promised. The
control operator of a club station, however, may accept
compensation for such periods of time during which the station is
transmitting telegraphy practice or information bulletins
provided that:
(1) The station transmits the telegraphy practice and
information bulletins for at least 40 hours per week;
(2) The station schedules operations on all amateur service
MF and HF bands using reasonable measures to maximize coverage;
(3) The schedule of normal operating times and frequencies
is published at least 30 days in advance of the actual
transmissions; and
(4) The control operator does not accept any direct or
indirect compensation for periods during which the station is
transmitting any other material.
(c) No station shall transmit communications in order to
engage in any form of broadcasting, nor to engage in any activity
related to program production or newsgathering for broadcasting
purposes. A station may, however, transmit communications to
convey news information about an event for dissemination to the
public when the following conditions are present:
(1) The information involves the immediate safety of life of
individuals or the immediate protection of property;
(2) The information is directly related to the event;
(3) The information cannot be transmitted by any other means
because normal communications systems have been disrupted or
because there are no other communication systems available at the
place where the information is originated; and
(4) Other means of communication could not be reasonably
provided before or at the time of the event.
(d) No station shall transmit: music; radiocommunications or
messages for any purpose, or in connection with any activity,
that is contrary to federal, state, or local law; messages in
code or ciphers where the intent is to obscure the meaning
(except where specifically excepted elsewhere in this Part);
obscene, indecent, or profane words, language, or meaning; and/or
false or deceptive messages or signals.
(3) No station shall retransmit programs or signals
emanating from any type of radio station other than an amateur
station, except communications originating on United States
Government frequencies between a space shuttle and its associated
Earth stations. Prior approval for such retransmissions must be
obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Such retransmissions must be for the exclusive use of amateur
operators.
(f) No amateur station, except an auxiliary, repeater or
space station, may automatically retransmit the radio signals of
other amateur stations.
\(sc 97.115 Third party communications.
(a) An amateur station may transmit messages for a third
party to:
(1) Any station within the jurisdiction of the United
States.
(2) Any station within the jurisdiction of any foreign
government whose administration has made arrangements with the
United States to allow amateur stations to be used for
transmitting international communications on behalf of third
parties. No station shall transmit messages for a third party to
any station within the jurisdiction of any foreign government
whose administration has not made such an arrangement. This
prohibition does not apply to a message for any third party who
is eligible to be a control operator of the station.
(b) The third party may participate in stating the message
where:
(1) The control operator is present at the control point and
is continuously monitoring and supervising the third party's
participation; and
(2) The third party is not a prior amateur service licensee
whose license was revoked; suspended for less than the balance of
the license term and the suspension is still in effect; suspended
for the balance of the license term and relicensing has not taken
place; or surrendered for cancellation following notice of
revocation, suspension or monetary forfeiture proceedings. The
third party may not be the subject of a cease and desist order
which relates to amateur service operation and which is still in
effect.
(c) At the end of an exchange of international third party
communications, the station must also transmit in the station
identification procedure the call sign of the station with which
a third party message was exchanged.
\(sc 97.117 International communications.
Transmissions to a different country, where permitted, shall
be made in plain language and shall be limited to messages of a
technical nature relating to tests, and, to remarks of a personal
character for which, by reason of their unimportance, recourse to
the public telecommunications service is not justified.
\(sc 97.119 Station identification.
(a) Each amateur station, except a space station or
telecommand station, must transmit its assigned call sign on its
transmitting channel at the end of each communication, and at
least every 10 minutes during a communication, for the purpose of
clearly making the source of the transmissions from the station
known to those receiving the transmissions. No station may
transmit unidentified communications or signals, or transmit as
the station call sign, any call sign not authorized to the
station.
(b) The call sign must be transmitted with an emission
authorized for the transmitting channel in one of the following
ways:
(1) By a CW emission. When keyed by an automatic device used
only for identification, the speed must not exceed 20 words per
minute;
(2) By a phone emission in the English language. Use of a
phonetic alphabet as an aid for correct station identification is
encouraged;
(3) By a RTTY emission when all or part of the
communications are transmitted in the same digital code as the
station identification, or when the communications consist of a
data emission transmitted on the VHF 6 m or shorter wavelength
band;
(4) By an image emission conforming to the applicable
transmission standards, either color or monochrome, of S
73.682(a) of the FCC Rules when all or part of the communications
are transmitted in the same image emission; or
(5) By a CW or phone emission during SS emission
transmission on a narrow bandwidth frequency segment.
Alternatively, by the changing of one or more parameters of the
emission so that a conventional CW or phone emission receiver can
be used to determine the station call sign.
(c) An indicator may be included with the call sign. It must
be separated from the call sign by the slant mark or by any
suitable word that denotes the slant mark.
(d) When the operator license class held by the control
operator exceeds that of the station licensee, an indicator
consisting of the call sign assigned to the control operator's
station must be included after the call sign.
(e) When the control operator is using privileges on the
basis of holding a CSCE, an indicator must be included after the
call sign as follows:
(1) KT for Technician Class operator;
(2) AG for General Class operator;
(3) AA for Advanced Class operator; or
(4) AE for Amateur Extra Class operator.
(f) When the station is transmitting under the authority of
a reciprocal permit for alien amateur licensee, an indicator
consisting of the appropriate letter-numeral designating the
station location must be included before the call sign issued to
the station by the licensing country. When the station is
transmitting under the authority of an amateur service license
issued by the Government of Canada, a station location indicator
must be included after the call sign. At least once during each
intercommunication, the identification announcement must include
the geographical location as nearly as possible by city and
state, commonwealth or possession.
(g) A self-assigned indicator may be included after the call
sign. The identifier must not conflict with any other indicator
specified by the FCC Rules or by a prefix assigned to another
country.
\(sc 97.121 Restricted operation.
(a) If the operation of an amateur station causes general
interference to the reception of transmissions from stations
operating in the domestic broadcast service when receivers of
good engineering design, including adequate selectivity
characteristics, are used to receive such transmissions, and this
fact is made known to the amateur station licensee, the amateur
station shall not be operated during the hours from 8 p.m. to
10:30 p.m., local time, and on Sunday for the additional period
from 10:30 a.m. until 1 p.m., local time, upon the frequency or
frequencies used when the interference is created.
(b) In general, such steps as may be necessary to minimize
interference to stations operating in other services may be
required after investigation by the FCC.
Subpart C -- Special Operations
\(sc 97.201 Auxiliary station.
(a) Any amateur station licensed to a holder of a
Technician, General, Advanced or Amateur Extra Class operator
license may be an auxiliary station. A holder of a Technician,
General, Advanced or Amateur Extra Class operator license may be
the control operator of an auxiliary station, subject to the
privileges of the class of operator license held.
(b) An auxiliary station may transmit only on the 1.25 m and
shorter wavelength bands, except the 220.0-220.5 MHz, 431-433 MHz
and 435-438 MHz segments.
(c) Where an auxiliary station causes harmful interference
to another auxiliary station, the licensees are equally and fully
responsible for resolving the interference unless one station's
operation is recommended by a frequency coordinator and the other
station's is not. In that case, the licensee of the non-
coordinated auxiliary station has primary responsibility to
resolve the interference.
(d) An auxiliary station may be automatically controlled
only when it is part of a system that includes a repeater station
also being automatically controlled.
(e) An auxiliary station may transmit one-way
communications.
\(sc 97.203 Beacon station.
(a) Any amateur station licensed to a holder of a
Technician, General, Advanced or Amateur Extra Class operator
license may be a beacon. A holder of a Technician, General,
Advanced or Amateur Extra Class operator license may be the
control operator of a beacon, subject to the privileges of the
class of operator license held.
(b) A beacon must not concurrently transmit on more than 1
channel in the same amateur service frequency band, from the same
station location.
(c) The transmitter power of a beacon must not exceed 100 W.
(d) A beacon may be automatically controlled while it is
transmitting on the 28.20-28.30 MHz, 50.06-50.08 MHz, 144.05-
144.06 MHz, 220.05-220.06 MHz, 222.05-222.06 MHz or 432.07-432.08
MHz segments, or on the 33 cm and shorter wavelength bands.
(e) Before establishing an automatically controlled beacon
in the National Radio Quiet Zone or before changing the
transmitting frequency, transmitter power, antenna height or
directivity, the station licensee must give written notification
thereof to the Interference Office, National Radio Astronomy
Observatory, P.O. Box 2, Green Bank, WV 24944.
(1) The notification must include the geographical
coordinates of the antenna, antenna ground elevation above mean
sea level (AMSL), antenna center of radiation above ground level
(AGL), antenna directivity, proposed frequency, type of emission,
and transmitter power.
(2) If an objection to the proposed operation is received by
the FCC from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory at Green
Bank, Pocahontas Country, WV, for itself or on behalf of the
Naval Research Laboratory at Sugar Grove, Pendleton County, WV,
within 20 days from the date of notification, the FCC will
consider all aspects of the problem and take whatever action is
deemed appropriate.
(f) A beacon must cease transmissions upon notification by
an EIC that the station is operating improperly or causing undue
interference to other operations. The beacon may not resume
transmitting without prior approval of the EIC.
(g) A beacon may transmit one-way communications.
\(sc 97.205 Repeater station.
(a) Any amateur station licensed to a holder of a
Technician, General, Advanced or Amateur Extra Class operator
license may be a repeater. A holder of a Technician, Genera,
Advanced or Amateur Extra Class operator license may be the
control operator of a repeater, subject to the privileges of the
class of operator license held.
(b) A repeater may receive and retransmit only on the 10 m
and shorter wavelength frequency bands except the 28.0-29.5 MHz,
50.0-52.0 MHz, 144.0-144.5 MHz, 145.5-146.0 MHz 220.0-220.5 MHz,
431.0-433.0 MHz and 435.0-438.0 MHz segments.
(c) Where the transmissions of a repeater cause harmful
interference to another repeater, the two station licensees are
equally and fully responsible for resolving the interference
unless the operation of one station is recommended by a frequency
coordinator and the operation of the other station is not. In
that case, the licensee of the noncoordinated repeater has
primary responsibility to resolve the interference.
(d) A repeater may be automatically controlled.
(e) Ancillary functions of a repeater that are available to
users on the input channel are not considered remotely controlled
functions of the station. Limiting the use of a repeater to only
certain user stations is permissible.
(f) Before establishing a repeater in the National Radio
Quiet Zone or before changing the transmitting frequency,
transmitter power, antenna height or directivity, or the location
an existing repeater, the station licensee must give written
notification thereof to the Interference Office, National Radio
Astronomy Observatory, P.O. Box 2, Green Bank, WV 24944.
(1) The notification must include the geographical
coordinates of the station antenna, antenna ground elevation
above mean sea level (AMSL), antenna center of radiation above
ground level (AGL), antenna directivity, proposed frequency, type
of emission, and transmitter power.
(2) If an objection to the proposed operation is received by
the FCC from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory at Green
Bank, Pocahontas County, WV, for itself or on behalf of the Naval
Research Laboratory at Sugar Grove, Pendleton County, WV, within
20 days from the date of notification, the FCC will consider all
aspects of the problem and take whatever action is deemed
appropriate.
\(sc 97.207 Space station.
(a) Any amateur station licensed to a holder of an Amateur
Extra Class operator license may be a space station. A holder of
any class operator license may be the control operator of a space
station, subject to the privileges of the class of operator
license held by the control operator.
(b) A space station must be capable of effecting a cessation
of transmissions by telecommand whenever such cessation is
ordered by the FCC.
(c) The following frequency bands and segments are
authorized to space stations:
(1) The 15 m, 12 m, 10 m, 6 mm, 4 mm, 2 mm and 1 mm bands;
and
(2) The 7.0-7.1 MHz, 14.00-14.25 MHz, 144-146 MHz, 2400-2450
MHz, 3.40-3.41 GHz, 5.83-8.85 GHz, 10.45-10.50 GHz and 24.00-
24.05 GHz segments.
(d) A space station may automatically retransmit the radio
signals of Earth stations and other space stations.
(e) A space station may transmit one-way communications.
(f) Results of measurements made in the space station,
including those related to the function of the station,
transmitted by a space station may consist of specially coded
messages intended to facilitate communications.
(g) The licensee of each space station must give two
written, pre-space station notifications to the Private Radio
Bureau, FCC, Washington, DC 20554. Each notification must be in
accord with the provisions of Articles 11 and 13 of the Radio
Regulations.
(1) The first notification is required no less than 27
months prior to initiating space station transmissions and must
specify the information required by Appendix 4 and Resolution No.
642 of the Radio Regulations.
(2) The second notification is required no less than 5
months prior to initiating space station transmissions and must
specify the information required by Appendix 3 and Resolution No.
642 of the Radio Regulations.
(h) The licensee of each space station must give a written,
in-space station notification to the Private Radio Bureau, FCC,
Washington, DC 20554, no later than 7 days following initiation
of space station transmissions. The notification must update the
information contained in the pre-space notification.
(i) The licensee of each space station must give a written,
post-space station notification to the Private Radio Bureau, FCC,
Washington, DC 20554, no later than 3 months after termination of
the space station transmissions. When the termination is ordered
by the FCC, notification is required no later than 24 hours after
termination.
\(sc 97.209 Earth station.
(a) Any amateur station may be an Earth station. A holder of
any class operator license may be the control operator of an
Earth station, subject to the privileges of the class of operator
license held by the control operator.
(b) The following frequency bands and segments are
authorized to Earth stations:
(1) The 15 m, 12 m, 10 m, 6 mm, 4 mm, 2 mm, and 1 mm bands;
and
(2) The 7.0-7.1 MHz, 14.00-14.25 MHz, 144-146 MHz, 435-438
MHz, 1260-1270 MHz and 2400-2450 MHz, 3.40-3.41 GHz, 5.65-5.67
GHz, 10.45-10.50 GHz and 24.00-24.05 GHz segments.
\(sc 97.211 Telecommand station.
(a) Any amateur station designated by the licensee of a
space station is eligible to transmit as a telecommand station
for that space station, subject to the privileges of the class of
operator license held by the control operator.
(b) A telecommand station may transmit special codes
intended to obscure the meaning of telecommand messages to the
station in space operation.
(c) The following frequency bands and segments are
authorized to telecommand stations:
(1) The 15 m, 12 m and 10 m bands, 6 mm, 4 mm, 2 mm and 1 mm
bands.
(2) The 7.0-7.1 MHz, 14.00-14.25 MHz, 144-146 MHz, 435-438
MHz, 1260-1270 MHz and 2400-2450 MHz, 3.40-3.41 GHz, 5.65-5.67
GHz, 10.45-10.50 GHz and 24.00-24.05 GHz segments;
(d) A telecommand station may transmit one-way
communications.
\(sc 97.213 Remote control of a station.
An amateur station may be remotely controlled where:
(a) There is a radio or wireline control link between the
control point and the station sufficient for the control operator
to perform his/her duties. If radio, the control link must use an
auxiliary station. A control link using a fiber optic cable or
another telecommunication service is considered wireline.
(b) Provisions are incorporated to limit transmission by the
station to a period of no more than 3 minutes in the event of
malfunction in the control link.
(c) The station is protected against making, willfully or
negligently, unauthorized transmissions.
(d) A photocopy of the station license and a label with the
name, address, and telephone number of the station licensee and
at least one designated control operator is posted in a
conspicuous place at the station location.
\(sc 97.215 Remote control of model craft.
An amateur station transmitting signals to control a model
craft may be operated as follows:
(a) The station identification procedure is not required for
transmissions directed only to the model craft, provided that a
label indicating the station call sign and the station licensee's
name and address is affixed to the station transmitter.
(b) The control signals are not considered codes or ciphers
intended to obscure the meaning of the communication.
(c) The transmitter power must not exceed 1 W.
Subpart D -- Technical Standards
\(sc 97.301 Authorized frequency bands.
The following transmitting frequency bands are available to
an amateur station located within 50 km of the Earth's surface,
within the specified ITU Region and out side any area where the
amateur service is regulated by another country of another United
States government agency.
(a) For a station having a control operator holding a
Technician, General, Advanced or Amateur Extra Class operator
license:
Wavelength ITU ITU ITU Sharing requirements
band Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 See \(sc 97.303,
Paragraph:
VHF MHz MHz MHz
6 m --- 50-54 50-54 (a)
2 m 144-146 144-148 144-148 (a)
1.25 m --- 220-225 --- (a), (b), (e)
UHF MHz MHz MHz
70 cm 430-440 420-450 430-440 (a), (b), (f)
33 cm --- 902-928 --- (a), (b), (g)
23 cm 1240-1300 1240-1300 1240-1300 (j)
13 cm 2300-2310 2300-2310 2300-2310 (a), (b), (j)
-do- 2390-2450 2390-2450 2390-2450 (a), (b), (j)
SHF GHz GHz GHz
9 cm --- 3.3-3.5 3.3-3.5 (a), (b), (k), (l)
5 cm 5.650-5.850 5.650-5.925 5.650-5.850 (a), (b), (m)
3 cm 10.00-10.50 10.00-10.50 10.00-10.50 (b), (c), (i), (n)
1.2 cm 24.00-24.25 24.00-24.25 24.00-24.25 (a), (b), (i), (o)
EHF GHz GHz GHz
6 mm 47.0-47.2 47.0-47.2 47.0-47.2
4 mm 75.5-81.0 75.5-81.0 75.5-81.0 (b), (c), (h)
2.5 mm 119.98-120.02 119.98-120.02 119.98-120.02 (k), (p)
2 mm 142-149 142-149 142-149 (b), (c), (h), (k)
1 mm 241-250 241-250 241-250 (b), (c), (h), (q)
--- above 300 above 300 above 300 (k)
(b) For a station having a control operator holding an
Amateur Extra Class operator license:
Wavelength ITU ITU ITU Sharing requirements
band Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 See \(sc 97.303,
Paragraph:
MF kHz kHz kHz
160 m 1810-1850 1800-2000 1800-2000 (a), (b), (c)
HF MHz MHz MHz
80 m 3.50-3.75 3.50-3.75 3.50-3.75 (a)
75 m 3.75-3.80 3.75-4.00 3.75-3.90 (a)
40 m 7.0-7.1 7.0-7.3 7.0-7.1 (a)
30 m 10.10-10.15 10.10-10.15 10.10-10.15 (d)
20 m 14.00-14.35 14.00-14.35 14.00-14.35
17 m 18.068-18.168 18.068-18.168 18.068-18.168
15 m 21.00-21.45 21.00-21.45 21.00-21.45
12 m 24.89-24.99 24.89-24.99 24.89-24.99
10 m 28.0-29.7 28.0-29.7 28.0-29.7
(c) For a station having a control operator holding an
Advanced Class operator license:
Wavelength ITU ITU ITU Sharing requirements
band Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 See \(sc 97.303,
Paragraph:
MF kHz kHz kHz
160 m 1810-1850 1800-2000 1800-2000 (a), (b), (c)
HF MHz MHz MHz
80 m 3.525-3.750 3.525-3.750 3.525-3.750 (a)
75 m 3.775-3.800 3.775-4.000 3.775-3.900 (a)
40 m 7.025-7.100 7.025-7.300 7.025-7.100 (a)
30 m 10.10-10.15 10.10-10.15 10.10-10.15 (d)
20 m 14.025-14.150 14.025-14.150 14.025-14.150
-do- 14.175-14.350 14.175-14.350 14.175-14.350
17 m 18.068-18.168 18.068-18.168 18.068-18.168
15 m 21.025-21.200 21.025-21.200 21.025-21.200
-do- 21.30-21.45 21.30-21.45 21.30-21.45
12 m 24.89-24.99 24.89-24.99 24.89-24.99
10 m 28.0-29.7 28.0-29.7 28.0-29.7
(d) For a station having a control operator holding a
General Class operator license:
Wavelength ITU ITU ITU Sharing requirements
band Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 See \(sc 97.303,
Paragraph:
MF kHz kHz kHz
160 m 1810-1850 1800-2000 1800-2000 (a), (b), (c)
HF MHz MHz MHz
80 m 3.525-3.750 3.525-3.750 3.525-3.750 (a)
75 m --- 3.85-4.00 --- (a)
40 m 7.025-7.100 7.025-7.100 7.025-7.100 (a)
-do- --- 7.225-7.300 --- (a)
30 m 10.10-10.15 10.10-10.15 10.10-10.15 (d)
20 m 14.025-14.150 14.025-14.150 14.025-14.150
-do- 14.225-14.350 14.225-14.350 14.225-14.350
17 m 18.068-18.168 18.068-18.168 18.068-18.168
15 m 21.025-21.200 21.025-21.200 21.025-21.100
-do- 21.30-21.45 21.30-21.45 21.30-21.45
12 m 24.89-24.99 24.89-24.99 24.89-24.99
10 m 28.0-29.7 28.0-29.7 28.0-29.7
(e) For a station having a control operator holding a
Technician or Novice Class operator license:
Wavelength ITU ITU ITU Sharing requirements
band Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 See \(sc 97.303,
Paragraph:
HF MHz MHz MHz
80 m 3.70-3.75 3.70-3.75 3.70-3.75 (a)
40 m 7.050-7.075 7.10-7.15 7.050-7.075 (a)
15 m 21.10-21.20 21.10-21.20 21.10-21.20
10 m 28.1-28.5 28.1-28.5 28.1-28.5
(f) For a station having a control operator holding a Novice
Class operator license:
Wavelength ITU ITU ITU Sharing requirements
band Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 See \(sc 97.303,
Paragraph:
VHF MHz MHz MHz
1.25 m --- 222.10-223.91 --- (a), (b), (e)
UHF MHz MHz MHz
23 cm 1270-1295 1270-1295 1270-1295 (i)
\(sc 97.303 Frequency sharing requirements.
The following is a summary of the frequency sharing
requirements that apply to amateur station transmissions on the
frequency bands specified in \(sc 97.301 of this Part. (For each ITU
Region, each frequency band allocated to the amateur service is
designated as either a secondary service or a primary service. A
station in a secondary service must not cause harmful
interference to, and must accept interference from, stations in a
primary service. See SS 2.105 and 2.106 of the FCC Rules, United
States Table of Frequency Allocations for complete requirements.)
(a) Where, in adjacent ITU Regions or Subregions, a band of
frequencies is allocated to different services of the same
category, the basic principle is the equality of right to
operate. The stations of each service in one region must operate
so as not to cause harmful interference to services in the other
Regions or Subregions. (See ITU Radio Regulations, No. 346
(Geneva, 1979).)
(b) No amateur station transmitting in the 1900-2000 kHz
segment, the 1.25 m band, the 70 cm band, the 33 cm band, the 13
cm band, the 9 cm band, the 5 cm band, the 3 cm band, the 24.05-
24.24 GHz segment, the 76-81 GHz segment, the 144-149 GHz segment
and the 241-248 GHz segment shall cause harmful interference to,
nor is protected from interference due to the operation of, the
Government radiolocation service.
(c) No amateur station transmitting in the 1900-2000 kHz
segment, the 3 cm band, the 76-81 GHz segment, the 144-149 GHz
segment and the 241-248 GHz segment shall cause harmful
interference to, nor is protected from interference due to the
operation of, stations in the non-Government radiolocation
service.
(d) No amateur station transmitting in the 30 meter band
shall cause harmful interference to stations authorized by other
nations in the fixed service. The licensee of the amateur station
must make all necessary adjustments, including termination of
transmissions, if harmful interference is caused.
(e) The 1.25 m band is allocated to the amateur, fixed and
mobile services in the United States on a co-primary basis. The
basic principle that applies is the equality of right to operate.
Amateur, fixed and mobile stations must operate so as not to
cause harmful interference to each other.
(f) In the 70 cm band:
(1) No amateur station shall transmit from north of Line A
in the 420-430 MHz segment.
(2) The 420-430 MHz segment is allocated to the amateur
service in the United States on a secondary basis, and is
allocated in the fixed and mobile (except aeronautical mobile)
services in the International Table of allocations on a primary
basis. No amateur station transmitting in this band shall cause
harmful interference to, nor is protected from interference due
to the operation of, stations authorized by other nations in the
fixed and mobile (except aeronautical mobile) services.
(3) The 430-440 MHz segment is allocated to the amateur
service on a secondary basis in ITU Regions 2 and 3. No amateur
station transmitting in this band in ITU Regions 2 and 3 shall
cause harmful interference to, nor is protected from interference
due to the operation of, stations authorized by other nations in
the radiolocation service. In ITU Region 1, the 430-440 MHz
segment is allocated to the amateur service on a co-primary basis
with the radiolocation service. As between these two services in
this band in ITU Region 1, the basic principle that applies is
the equality of right to operate. Amateur stations authorized by
the United States and radiolocation stations authorized by other
nations in ITU Region 1 shall operate so as not to cause harmful
interference to each other.
(4) No amateur station transmitting in the 449.5-450 MHz
segment shall cause interference to, nor is protected from
interference due to the operation of stations in, the space
operation service and the space research service or Government or
non-Government stations for space telecommand.
(g) In the 33 cm band:
(1) No amateur station shall transmit from within the States
of Colorado and Wyoming, bounded on the south by latitude 39\(de
N, on the north by latitude 42\(de N, on the east by longitude
105\(de W, and on the west by longitude 180\(de W. This band is
allocated on a secondary basis to the amateur service subject to
not causing harmful interference to, and not receiving protection
from any interference due to the operation of, industrial,
scientific and medical devices, automatic vehicle monitoring
systems or Government stations authorized in this band.
(2) No amateur station shall transmit from those portions of
the States of Texas and New Mexico bounded on the south by
latitude 31\(de 41' N, on the north by latitude 34\(de 30'N, on the
east by longitude 104\(de 11' W, and on the west by longitude
107\(de 30'W.
(h) No amateur station transmitting in the 23 cm band, the 3
cm band, the 24.05-24.25 GHz segment, the 76-81 GHz segment, the
144-149 GHz segment and the 241-248 GHz segment shall cause
harmful interference to, nor is protected from interference due
to the operation of, stations authorized by other nations in the
radiolocation service.
(i) In the 1240-1260 MHz segment, no amateur station shall
cause harmful interference to, nor is protected from interference
due to the operation of, stations in the radionavigation-
satellite service.
(j) In the 13 cm band:
(1) The amateur service is allocated on a secondary basis in
all ITU Regions. In ITU Region 1, no amateur station shall cause
harmful interference to, and is not protected from interference
due to the operation of, stations authorized by other nations in
the fixed service. In ITU Regions 2 and 3, no station shall cause
harmful interference to, and is not protected from interference
due to the operation of, stations authorized by other nations in
the fixed, mobile and radiolocation services.
(2) In the United States, the 2300-2310 MHz segment is
allocated to the amateur service on a co-secondary basis with the
Government fixed and mobile services. In this segment, the fixed
and mobile services must not cause harmful interference to the
amateur service. No amateur station transmitting in the 2400-2450
MHz segment is protected from interference due to the operation
of industrial, scientific and medical devices on 2450 MHz.
(k) No amateur station transmitting in the 3.332-3.339 GHz
and 3.3458-3525 GHz segments, the 2.5 mm band, the 144.68-144.98
GHz, 145.45-145.75 and 146.82-147.12 GHz segments and the 343-348
GHz segment shall cause harmful interference to stations in the
radio astronomy service. No amateur station transmitting in the
300-302 GHz, 324-326 GHz, 345-347 GHz, 363-365 GHz and 379-381
GHz segments shall cause harmful interference to stations in the
space research service (passive) or Earth exploration-satellite
service (passive).
(l) In the 9 cm band:
(1) In ITU Regions 2 and 3, the band is allocated to the
amateur service on a secondary basis.
(2) In the United States, the band is allocated to the
amateur service on a co-secondary basis with the non-Government
radiolocation service.
(3) In the 3.3-3.4 GHz segment, no amateur station shall
cause harmful interference to, nor is protected from interference
due to the operation of, stations authorized by other nations in
the radiolocation service.
(4) In the 3.4-3.5 GHz segment, no amateur station shall
cause harmful interference to, nor is protected from interference
due to the operation of, stations authorized by other nations in
the fixed and fixed-satellite service.
(m) In the 5 cm band:
(1) In the 5.650-5.725 GHz segment, the amateur service is
allocated in all ITU Regions on a co-secondary basis with the
space research (deep space) service.
(2) In the 5.725-5.850 GHz segment, the amateur service is
allocated in all ITU Regions on a secondary basis. No amateur
station shall cause harmful interference to, nor is protected
from interference due to the operation of, stations authorized by
other nations in the fixed-satellite service in ITU Region 1.
(3) No amateur station transmitting in the 5.725-5.875 GHz
segment is protected from interference due to the operation of
industrial, scientific and medical devices operating on 5.8 GHz.
(4) In the 5.650-5.850 GHz segment, no amateur station shall
cause harmful interference to, nor is protected from interference
due to the operation of, stations authorized by other nations in
the radiolocation service.
(5) In the 5.850-5.925 GHz segment, the amateur service is
allocated in ITU Region 2 on a co-secondary basis with the
radiolocation service. In the United States, the segment is
allocated to the amateur service on a secondary basis to the non-
Government fixed-satellite service. No amateur station shall
cause harmful interference to, nor is protected from interference
due to the operation of, stations authorized by other nations in
the fixed, fixed-satellite and mobile services. No amateur
station shall cause harmful interference to, nor is protected
from interference due to the operation of, stations in the non-
Government fixed-satellite service.
(n) In the 3 cm band:
(1) In the United States, the 3 cm band is allocated to the
amateur service on a co-secondary basis with the non-government
radiolocation service.
(2) In the 10.00-10.45 segment in ITu Regions 1 and 3, no
amateur station shall cause interference to, nor is protected
from interference due to the operation of, stations authorized by
other nations in the fixed and mobile services.
(o) No amateur station transmitting in the 1.2 cm band is
protected from interference due to the operation of industrial,
scientific and medical devices on 24.125 GHz. In the United
States, the 24.05-24.25 GHz segment is allocated to the amateur
service on a co-secondary basis with the non-government
radiolocation and Government and non-government Earth
exploration-satellite (active) services.
(p) The 2.5 mm band is allocated to the amateur service on a
secondary basis. No amateur station transmitting in this band
shall cause harmful interference to, nor is protected from
interference due to the operation of, stations in the fixed,
inter-satellite and mobile services.
(q) No amateur station transmitting in the 244-246 GHz
segment of the 1 mm band is protected from interference due to
the operation of industrial, scientific and medical devices on
245 GHz.
\(sc 97.305 Authorized emission types.
(a) An amateur station may transmit a CW emission on any
frequency authorized to the control operator.
(b) A station may transmit a test emission on any frequency
authorized to the control operator for brief periods for
experimental purposes, except that no pulse modulation emission
may be transmitted on any frequency where pulse is not
specifically authorized.
(c) A station may transmit the following emission types on
the frequencies indicated, as authorized to the control operator,
subject to the standards specified in \(sc 97.307(f) of this Part.
Wavelength Frequencies Emission types Standards
band authorized See \(sc 97.307(f)
Paragraph:
MF
160 m entire band phone, image,
RTTY, data (1), (2), (3)
HF
80 m entire band RTTY, data (3), (9)
75 m entire band phone, image (1), (2)
40 m 7.000-7.075 MHz RTTY, data (c), (9)
-do- 7.075-7.100 MHz phone, image (1), (2), (9), (11)
-do- 7.10-7.15 MHz RTTY, data (1), (9)
-do- 7.15-7.30 MHz phone, image (1), (2)
30 m entire band RTTY, data (3)
20 m 14.00-14.15 MHz RTTY, data (3)
-do- 14.15-14.35 MHz phone, image (1), (2)
17 m 18.068-18.110 MHz RTTY, data (3)
-do- 18.110-18.168 MHz phone, image (1), (2)
15 m 21.0-21.2 MHz RTTY, data (3), (9)
-do- 21.20-21.45 MHz phone, image (1), (2)
12 m 24.89-24.93 MHz RTTY, data (3)
-do- 24.93-24.99 MHz phone, image (1), (2)
10 m 28.0-28.3 MHz RTTY, data (4)
-do- 28.3-29.5 MHz phone, image (1), (2), (10)
-do- 28.5-29.0 MHz phone, image (1), (2)
-do- 29.0-29.7 MHz phone, image (1)
VHF
6 m 50.1-51.0 MHz MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data (2), (5)
-do- 51.0-54.0 MHz MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, test (2), (5), (8)
2 m 144.1-148.0 MHz MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, test (2), (5), (8)
1.25 m entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, test (2), (5), (8)
UHF
70 cm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test (6), (8)
33 cm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test
pulse (7), (8), (12)
23 cm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test (7), (8), (12)
13 cm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test
pulse (7), (8), (12)
SHF
9 cm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test,
pulse (7), (8), (12)
5 cm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test,
pulse (7), (8), (12)
3 cm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test (7), (8), (12)
1.2 cm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test,
pulse (7), (8), (12)
EHF
6 mm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test,
pulse (7), (8), (12)
4 mm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test,
pulse (7), (8), (12)
2.5 mm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test,
pulse (7), (8), (12)
2 mm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test,
pulse (7), (8), (12)
1 mm entire band MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test,
pulse (7), (8), (12)
--- above 300 GHz MCW, phone, image,
RTTY, data, SS, test,
pulse (7), (8), (12)
\(sc 97.307 Emission standards.
(a) No amateur station transmission shall occupy more
bandwidth than necessary for the information rate and emission
type being transmitted, in accordance with good amateur practice.
(b) Emissions resulting from modulation must be confined to
the band or segment available to the control operator. Emissions
outside the necessary bandwidth must not cause splatter or
keyclick interference to operations on adjacent frequencies.
(c) All spurious emissions from a station transmitter must
be reduced to the greatest extent practicable. If any spurious
emission, including chassis or power line radiation, causes
harmful interference to the reception of another radio station,
the licensee of the interfering amateur station is required to
take steps to eliminate the interference, in accordance with good
engineering practice.
(d)The mean power of any spurious emission from a station
transmitter or external RF power amplifier transmitting on a
frequency below 30 MHz must not exceed 50 mW and must be at least
40 dB below the mean power of the fundamental emission. For a
transmitter of mean power less than 5 W, the attenuation must be
at least 30 dB. A transmitter built before April 15, 1977, or
first marketed before January 1, 1978, is exempt from this
requirement.
(e) The mean power of any spurious emission from a station
transmitter or external RF power amplifier transmitting on a
frequency between 30-225 MHz must be at least 60 dB below the
mean power of the fundamental. For a transmitter having a mean
power of 25 W or less, the mean power of any spurious emission
supplied to the antenna transmission line must not exceed 25 uW
and must be at least 40 dB below the mean power of the
fundamental emission, but need not be reduced below the power of
10 uW. A transmitter built before April 15, 1977, or first
marketed before January 1, 1978, is exempt from this requirement.
(f) The following standards and limitations apply to
transmissions on the frequencies specified in \(sc 97.305(c) of this
Part.
(1)No angle-modulated emission may have a modulation index
greater than 1 at the highest modulation frequency.
(2) No non-phone emission shall exceed the bandwidth of a
communications quality phone emission of the same modulation
type. The total bandwidth of an independent sideband emission
(having B as the first symbol), or a multiplexed image and phone
emission, shall not exceed that of a communications quality A3E
emission.
(3) Only a RTTY or data emission using a specified digital
code listed in \(sc 97.309(a) of this Part may be transmitted. The
symbol rate must not exceed 300 bauds, or for frequency-shift
keying, the frequency shift between mark and space must not
exceed 1 kHz.
(4) Only a RTTY or data emission using a specified digital
code listed in \(sc 97.309(a) of this Part may be transmitted. The
symbol rate must not exceed 1200 bauds. For frequency-shift
keying, the frequency shift between mark and space must not
exceed 1 kHz.
(5) A RTTY, data or multiplexed emission using a specified
digital code listed in \(sc 97.309(a) of this Part may be
transmitted. The symbol rate must not exceed 19.6 kilobauds. For
frequency-shift keying, the frequency shift between mark and
space must not exceed 1 kHz. A RTTY, data or multiplexed emission
using an unspecified digital code under the limitations listed in
\(sc 97.309(b) of this Part also may be transmitted. The authorized
bandwidth is 20 kHz.
(6) A RTTY, data or multiplexed emission using a specified
digital code listed in \(sc 97.309(a) of this Part may be
transmitted. The symbol rate must not exceed 56 kilobauds. For
frequency-shift keying, the frequency shift between mark and
space must not exceed 1 kHz. A RTTY, data or multiplexed emission
using an unspecified digital code under the limitations listed in
\(sc 97.309(b) of this Part also may be transmitted. The authorized
bandwidth is 100 kHz.
(7) A RTTY, data or multiplexed emission using a specified
digital code listed in \(sc 97.309(a) of this Part or an unspecified
digital code under the limitations listed in \(sc 97.309(b) of this
Part may be transmitted.
(8) A RTTY or data emission having designators with A, B, C,
D, E, F, G, H, J or R as the first symbol; 1, 2, 7 or 9 as the
second symbol; and D or W as the third symbol is also authorized.
(9) A station having a control operator holding a Novice or
Technician Class operator license may only transmit a CW emission
using the international Morse code.
(10) A station having a control operator holding a Novice or
Technician Class operator license may only transmit a CW emission
using the international Morse code or phone emissions J3E and
R3E.
(11) Phone and image emissions may be transmitted only by
stations located in ITU Regions 1 and 3, and by stations located
within ITU Region 2 that are west of 130 \(de West longitude or
south of 20\(de North latitude.
(12) Emission F8E may be transmitted.
\(sc 97.309 RTTY and digital emission codes.
(a) Where authorized by \(sc\(sc 97.305(c) and 97.307(f) of this
Part, an amateur station may transmit a RTTY or data emission
using the following specified digital codes:
(1) The 5-unit, start-stop, International Telegraph Alphabet
No. 2, code defined in International Telegraph and Telephone
Consultative Committee Recommendation F.1, Division C, and
extensions as provided for in CCITT Recommendation T.61 (Malaga-
Torremolinos, 1984).
(2) The 7-unit code specified in International Radio
Consultative Committee Recommendation CCIR 476-1 (1978), 476-3
(1982), 476-4 (1986) or 625 (1986).
(3) The 7-unit code defined in American National Standards
Institute X3.4-1977 or International Alphabet No. 5 as defined in
International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee
Recommendation T.50 or in International Organization for
Standardization, International Standard ISO 646 (1983).
(b) Where authorized by \(sc\(sc 97.305(c) and 97.307(f) of this
Part, a station may transmit a RTTY or data emission using an
unspecified digital code, except to a station in a country with
which the United States does not have an agreement permitting the
code to be used. RTTY and data emissions using unspecified
digital codes must not be transmitted for the purpose of
obscuring the meaning of any communication. When deemed necessary
by an EIC to assure compliance with the FCC Rules, a station
must:
(1) Cease the transmission using the unspecified digital
code;
(2) Restrict transmission of any digital code to the extent
instructed;
(3) Maintain a record, convertible to the original
information, of all digital communications transmitted.
\(sc 97.311 SS emission types.
(a) SS emission transmissions by an amateur station are
authorized only for communications between points within areas
where the amateur service is regulated by the FCC. SS emission
transmissions must not be used for the purpose of obscuring the
meaning of any communication.
(b) Stations transmitting SS emission must not cause harmful
interference to stations employing other authorized emissions,
and must accept all interference caused by stations employing
other authorized emissions. For the purposes of this paragraph,
unintended triggering of carrier operated repeaters is not
considered to be harmful interference.
(c) Only the following types of SS emission transmissions
are authorized (hybrid SS emissions transmissions involving both
spreading techniques are prohibited):
(1) Frequency hopping where the carrier of the transmitted
signal is modulated with unciphered information and changes
frequency at fixed intervals under the direction of a high speed
code sequence.
(2) Direct sequence where the information is modulo-2 added
to a high speed code sequence. the combined information and code
are then used to modulate the RF carrier. The high speed code
sequence dominates the modulation function, and is the direct
cause of the wide spreading of the transmitted signal.
(d) The only spreading sequences that are authorized are
from the output of one binary linear feedback shift register
(which may be implemented in hardware or software).
(1) Only the following sets of connections may be used:
Number of stages Taps used
in shift register in feedback
7 7,1
13 13, 4, 3, 1
19 19, 5, 2, 1
(2) The shift register must not be reset other than by its
feedback during an individual transmission. The shift register
output sequence must be used without alterations.
(3) The output of the last stage of the binary linear
feedback shift register must be used as follows:
(i) For frequency hopping transmissions using x frequencies,
n consecutive bits from the shift register must be used to select
the next frequency from a list of frequencies sorted in ascending
order. Each consecutive frequency must be selected by a
consecutive block of n bits. (Where n is the smallest integer
greater than log/2\ x.)
(ii) For direct sequence transmissions using m-ary
modulation, consecutive blocks of log/2\ m bits from the shift
register must be used to select the transmitted signal during
each interval.
(e) The station records must document all SS emission
transmissions and must be retained for a period of 1 year
following the last entry. The station records must include
sufficient information to enable the FCC, using the information
contained therein, to demodulate all transmissions. The station
records must contain at least the following:
(1) A technical description of the transmitted signal;
(2) Pertinent parameters describing the transmitted signal
including the frequency or frequencies of operation and, where
applicable, the chip rate, the code rate, the spreading function,
the transmission protocol(s) including the method of achieving
synchronization, and the modulation type;
(3) A general description of the type of information being
conveyed, (voice, text, memory dump, facsimile, television,
etc.);
(4) The method and, if applicable, the frequency or
frequencies used for station identification; and
(5) The date of beginning and the date of ending use of each
type of transmitted signal.
(f) When deemed necessary by an EIC to assure compliance
with this Part, a station licensee must:
(1) Cease SS emission transmissions;
(2) Restrict SS emission transmissions to the extent
instructed; and
(3) Maintain a record, convertible to the original
information (voice, text, image, etc.) of all spread spectrum
communications transmitted.
(g) The transmitter power must not exceed 100 W.
\(sc 97.313 Transmitter power standards.
(a) An amateur station must use the minimum transmitter
power necessary to carry out the desired communications.
(b) No station may transmit with a transmitter power
exceeding 1.5 kW PEP. Until June 2, 1990, a station transmitting
emission A3E is exempt from this requirement provided the power
input (both RF and direct current) to the final amplifying stage
supplying RF power to the antenna feed line does not exceed 1 kW,
exclusive of power for heating the cathodes of vacuum tubes.
(c) No station may transmit with a transmitter power
exceeding 200 W PEP on:
(1) The 3.70-3.75 MHz, 7.10-7.15 MHz, 10.10-10.15 MHz and
21.1-21.2 MHz segments;
(2) The 28.1-28.5 MHz segment when the control operator is a
Novice or Technician operator; or
(3) The 7.050-7.075 MHz segment when the station is within
ITU Regions 1 or 3.
(d) No station may transmit with a transmitter power
exceeding 25 W PEP on the VHF 1.25 m band when the control
operator is a Novice operator.
(e) No station may transmit with a transmitter power
exceeding 5 W PEP on the UHF 23 cm band when the control operator
is a Novice operator.
(f) No station may transmit with a transmitter power
exceeding 50 W PEP on the UHF 70 cm band from an area specified
in footnote US7 to S 2.106 of the FCC Rules, unless expressly
authorized by the FCC after mutual agreement, on a case-by-case
basis, between the EIC of the applicable field facility and the
military area frequency coordinator at the applicable military
base. An Earth station or telecommand station, however, may
transmit on the 435-438 MHz segment with a maximum of 611 W
effective radiated power (1 kW equivalent isotropically radiated
power) without the authorization otherwise required. The
transmitting antenna elevation angle between the lower half-power
(-3 dB relative to the peak or antenna bore sight) point and the
horizon must always be greater than 10\(de.
(g) No station may transmit with a transmitter power
exceeding 50 W PEP on the 33 cm band from within 241 km of the
boundaries of the White Sands Missile Range. Its boundaries are
those portions of Texas and New Mexico bounded on the south by
latitude 31\(de 41' North, on the east by longitude 104\(de 11'
West, on the north by latitude 34\(de 30' North, and on the west
by longitude 107\(de 30' West.
\(sc 97.315 Type acceptance of external RF power amplifiers.
(a) No more than 1 unit of 1 model of an external RF power
amplifier capable of operation below 144 MHz may be constructed
or modified during any calendar year by an amateur operator for
use at a station without a grant of type acceptance. No amplifier
capable of operation below 144 MHz may be constructed or modified
by a non-amateur operator without a grant of type acceptance from
the FCC.
(b) Any external RF power amplifier or external RF power
amplifier kit (see S 2.815 of the FCC Rules), manufactured,
imported or modified for use in a station or attached at any
station must be type accepted for use in the amateur service in
accordance with Subpart J of Part 2 of the FCC Rules. This
requirement does not apply if one or more of the following
conditions are met:
(1) The amplifier is not capable of operation on frequencies
below 144 MHz. For the purpose of this part, an amplifier will be
deemed to be incapable of operation below 144 MHz if it is not
capable of being easily modified to increase its amplification
characteristics below 120 MHz and either:
(i) The mean output power of the amplifier decreases, as
frequency decreases from 144 MHz, to a point where 0 dB or less
gain is exhibited at 120 MHz; or
(ii) The amplifier is not capable of amplifying signals
below 120 MHz even for brief periods without sustaining permanent
damage to its amplification circuitry.
(2) The amplifier was manufactured before April 28, 1978,
and has been issued a marketing waiver by the FCC, or the
amplifier was purchased before April 28, 1978, by an amateur
operator for use at that amateur operator's station.
(3) The amplifier was:
(i) Constructed by the licensee, not from an external RF
power amplifier kit, for use at the licensee's station; or
(ii) Modified by the licensee for use at the licensee's
station.
(4) The amplifier is sold by an amateur operator to another
amateur operator or to a dealer.
(5) The amplifier is purchased in used condition by an
equipment dealer from an amateur operator and the amplifier is
further sold to another amateur operator for use at that
operator's station.
(c) A list of type accepted equipment may be inspected at
FCC headquarters in Washington, DC, or at any FCC field location.
Any external RF power amplifier appearing on this list as type
accepted for use in the amateur service may be marketed for use
in the amateur service.
\(sc 97.317 Standards for type acceptance of external RF power
amplifiers.
(a) To receive a grant of type acceptance, the amplifier
must satisfy the spurious emission standards of \(sc 97.307(d) or
(e) of this Part, as applicable, when the amplifier is:
(1) Operated at its full output power;
(2) Placed in the "standby" or "off" positions, but still
connected to the transmitter; and
(3) Driven with at least 50 W mean RF input power (unless a
higher drive level is specified).
(b) To receive a grant of type acceptance, the amplifier
must not be capable of operation on any frequency or frequencies
between 24 MHz and 35 MHz. The amplifier will be deemed incapable
of such operation if it:
(1) Exhibits no more than 6 dB gain between 24 MHz and 26
MHz and between 28 MHz and 35 MHz. (This gain will be determined
by the ratio of the input RF driving signal (mean power
measurement) to the mean RF output power of the amplifier); and
(2) Exhibits no amplification (0 dB gain) between 26 MHz and
28 MHz.
(c) Type acceptance may be denied when denial would prevent
the use of these amplifiers in services other than the amateur
service. The following features will result in dismissal or
denial of an application for type acceptance:
(1) Any accessible wiring which, when altered, would permit
operation of the amplifier in a manner contrary to the FCC Rules;
(2) Circuit boards or similar circuitry to facilitate the
addition of components to change the amplifier's operating
characteristics in a manner contrary to the FCC Rules;
(3) Instructions for operation or modification of the
amplifier in a manner contrary to FCC Rules;
(4) Any internal or external controls or adjustments to
facilitate operation of the amplifier in a manner contrary to the
FCC Rules;
(5) Any internal RF sensing circuitry or any external
switch, the purpose of which is to place the amplifier in the
transmit mode;
(6) The incorporation of more gain in the amplifier than is
necessary to operate in the amateur service; for purposes of this
paragraph, the amplifier must:
(i) Not be capable of achieving designed output power when
driven with less than 50 W mean RF input power;
(ii) Not be capable of amplifying the input RF driving
signal by more than 15 dB, unless the amplifier has a designed
transmitter power of less than 1.5 kW (in such a case, gain must
be reduced by the same number of dB as the transmitter power
relationship to 1.5 kW; This gain limitation is determined by the
ratio of the input RF driving signal to the RF output power of
the amplifier where both signals are expressed in peak envelope
power or mean power);
(iii) No exhibit more gain than permitted by paragraph
(c)(6)(ii) of this Section when driven by an RF input signal of
less than 50 W mean power; and
(iv) Be capable of sustained operation at its designed power
level;
(7) Any attenuation in the input of the amplifier which,
when removed or modified, would permit the amplifier to function
at its designed transmitter power when driven by an RF frequency
input signal of less than 50 W mean power; or
(8) Any other features designed to facilitate operation in a
telecommunication service other than the Amateur Radio Services,
such as the Citizens Band (CB) Radio Service.
Subpart E -- Providing Emergency Communications.
\(sc 97.401 Operation during a disaster.
(a) When normal communication systems are overloaded,
damaged or disrupted because a disaster has occurred, or is
likely to occur, in an area where the amateur service is
regulated by the FCC, an amateur station may make transmissions
necessary to meet essential communication needs and facilitate
relief actions.
(b) When normal communication systems are overloaded,
damaged or disrupted because a natural disaster has occurred, or
is likely to occur, in an area where the amateur service is not
regulated by the FCC, a station assisting in meeting essential
communication needs and facilitating relief actions may do so
only in accord with ITU Resolution No. 640 (Geneva, 1979). The 80
m, 75 m, 40 m, 30 m, 20 m, 17 m, 15 m, 12 m, and 2 m bands may be
used for these purposes.
(c) When a disaster disrupts normal communication systems in
a particular area, the FCC may declare a temporary state of
communication emergency. The declaration will set forth any
special conditions and special rules to be observed by stations
during the communication emergency. A request for a declaration
of a temporary state of emergency should be directed to the EIC
in the area concerned.
(d) A station in, or within 92.6 km of, Alaska may transmit
emissions J3E and R3E on the channel at 5.1675 MHz for emergency
communications. The channel must be shared with stations licensed
in the Alaska-private fixed service. The transmitter power must
not exceed 150 W.
\(sc 97.403 Safety of life and protection of property.
No provision of these rules prevents the use by an amateur
station of any means of radiocommunication at its disposal to
provide essential communication needs in connection with the
immediate safety of human life and immediate protection of
property when normal communication systems are not available.
\(sc 97.405 Station in distress.
(a) No provision of these rules prevents the use by an
amateur station in distress of any means at its disposal to
attract attention, make known its condition and location, and
obtain assistance.
(b) No provision of these rules prevents the use by a
station, in the exceptional circumstances described in paragraph
(a), of any means of radiocommunications at its disposal to
assist a station in distress.
\(sc 97.407 Radio amateur civil emergency service.
(a) No station may transmit in RACES unless it is an FCC-
licensed primary, club, or military recreation station and it is
certified by a civil defense organization as registered with that
organization, or it is an FCC-licensed RACES station. No person
may be the control operator of a RACES station, or may be the
control operator of an amateur station transmitting in RACES
unless that person holds a FCC-issued amateur operator license
and is certified by a civil defense organization as enrolled in
that organization.
(b) The frequency bands and segments and emissions
authorized to the control operator are available to stations
transmitting communications in RACES on a shared basis with the
amateur service. In the event of an emergency which necessitates
the invoking of the President's War Emergency Powers under the
provisions of Section 706 of the Communications Act of 1934, as
amended, 47 U.S.C. S 606, RACES stations and amateur stations
participating in RACES may only transmit on the following
frequencies:
(1) The 1800-1825 kHz,, 1975-2000kHz, 3.50-3.55 MHz, 3.93-
3.98 MHz, 3.984-4.000 MHz, 7.079-7.125 MHz, 7.245-7.255 MHz,
10.10-10.15 MHz, 14.047-14.053 MHz, 14.22-14.23 MHz, 14.331-
14.350 MHz, 21.047-21.053 MHz, 21.228-21.267 MHz, 28.55-28.75
MHz, 29.237-29.273 MHz, 29.45-29.65 MHz, 50.35-50.75 MHz, 52-54
MHz, 144.50-145.71 MHz, 146-148 MHz, 2390-2450 MHz segments;
(2) The 1.25 m, 70 cm and 23 cm bands; and
(3) The channels at 3.997 MHz and 53.30 MHz may be used in
emergency areas when required to make initial contact with a
military unit and for communications with military stations on
matters requiring coordination.
(c) A RACES station may only communicate with:
(1) Another RACES station;
(2) An amateur station registered with a civil defense
organization;
(3) A United States Government station authorized by the
responsible agency to communicate with RACES stations;
(4) A station in a service regulated by the FCC whenever
such communication is authorized by the FCC.
(d) An amateur station registered with a civil defense
organization may only communicate with:
(1) A RACES station licensed to the civil defense
organization with which the amateur station is registered;
(2) The following stations upon authorization of the
responsible civil defense official for the organization with
which the amateur station is registered:
(i) A RACES station licensed to another civil defense
organization;
(ii) An amateur station registered with the same or another
civil defense organization;
(iii) A United States Government station authorized by the
responsible agency to communicate with RACES stations; and
(iv) A station in a service regulated by the FCC whenever
such communication is authorized by the FCC.
(e) All communications transmitted in RACES must be
specifically authorized by the civil defense organization for the
area served. Only civil defense communications of the following
types may be transmitted:
(1) Messages concerning impending or actual conditions
jeopardizing the public safety, or affecting the national defense
or security during periods of local, regional, or national civil
emergencies;
(2) Messages directly concerning the immediate safety of
life of individuals, the immediate protection of property,
maintenance of law and order, alleviation of human suffering and
need, and the combating of armed attack or sabotage;
(3) Messages directly concerning the accumulation and
dissemination of public information or instructions to the
civilian population essential to the activities of the civil
defense organization or other authorized governmental or relief
agencies; and
(4) Communications for RACES training drills and tests
necessary to ensure the establishment and maintenance of orderly
and efficient operation of the RACES as ordered by the
responsible civil defense organization served. Such drills and
tests may not exceed a total time of 1 hour per week. With the
approval of the chief officer for emergency planning in the
applicable State, Commonwealth, District or territory, however,
such tests and drills may be conducted for a period not to exceed
72 hours no more than twice in any calendar year.
Subpart F -- Qualifying Examination Systems
\(sc 97.501 Qualifying for an amateur operator license.
An applicant must successfully pass an examination for the
issuance of a new amateur operator license and for each change in
operator class. Each applicant for the class of operator license
specified below must pass, or otherwise receive examination
credit for, the following examination elements:
(a) Amateur Extra Class operator: Elements 1(C), 2, 3(A),
3(B), 4(A), and 4(B);
(b) Advanced Class operator: Elements 1(B) or 1(C), 2, 3(A),
3(B), and 4(A);
(c) General Class operator: Elements 1(B) or 1(C), 2, 3(A),
and 3(B);
(d) Technician Class operator: Elements 1(A) or 1(B) or
1(C), 2, and 3(A);
(e) Novice Class operator: Elements 1(A) or 1(B) or 1(C),
and 2.
\(sc 97.503 Element standards.
(a) A telegraphy examination must be sufficient to prove
that the examinee has the ability to send correctly by hand and
to receive correctly by ear texts in the international Morse code
at not less than the prescribed speed, using all the letters of
the alphabet, numerals 0-9, period, comma, question mark, slant
mark and prosigns ar, bt and sk.
(1) Element 1(A): 5 words per minute;
(2) Element 1(B): 13 words per minute;
(3) Element 1(C): 20 words per minute.
(b) A written examination must be such as to prove that the
examinee possesses the operational and technical qualifications
required to perform properly the duties of an amateur service
licensee. Each written examination must be comprised of a
question set as follows:
(1) Element 2: 30 questions concerning the privileges of a
Novice Class operator license. The minimum passing score is 22
questions answered correctly.
(2) Element 3(A): 25 questions concerning the additional
privileges of a Technician Class operator license. The minimum
passing score is 19 questions answered correctly.
(3) Element 3(B): 25 questions concerning the additional
privileges of a General Class operator license. The minimum
passing score is 19 questions answered correctly.
(4) Element 4(A): 50 questions concerning the additional
privileges of an Advanced Class operator license. The minimum
passing score is 37 questions answered correctly.
(5) Element 4(B): 40 questions concerning the additional
privileges of an Amateur Extra Class operator license. The
minimum passing score is 30 questions answered correctly.
(c) The topics and number of questions required in each
question set are listed below for the appropriate examination
element:
Topics Element: 2 3(A) 3(B) 4(A) 4(B)
(1) FCC rules for the
amateur radio services 10 5 4 6 8
(2) Amateur station operating
procedures 2 3 3 1 4
(3) Radio wave propagation
characteristics of amateur service
frequency bands 1 3 3 2 2
(4) Amateur radio practices 4 4 5 4 4
(5) Electrical principles as applied
to amateur station equipment 4 2 2 10 6
(6) Amateur station equipment
circuit components 2 2 1 6 4
(7) Practical circuits employed
in amateur station equipment 2 1 1 10 4
(8) Signals and emissions
transmitted by amateur stations 2 2 2 6 4
(9) Amateur station antennas
and feed lines 3 3 4 5 4
\(sc 97.505 Element credit.
(a) The administering VEs must give credit as specified
below to an examinee holding any of the following documents:
(1) An unexpired (or within the grace period) FCC-issued
amateur operator license: The least elements required for the
license held. For a Technician Class operator license issued
before March 21, 1987, credit must also be given for Element
3(B).
(2) A CSCE: Each element the CSCE indicates the examinee
passed within the previous 365 days.
(3) A photocopy of a FCC Form 610 which was submitted to the
FCC indicating the examinee qualified for a Novice Class operator
license within the previous 365 days: Elements 1(A) and 2.
(4) An unexpired (or expired less than 5 years) FCC-issued
commercial radiotelegraph operator license or permit: Element
1(C).
(b) No examination credit, except as herein provided, shall
be allowed on the basis of holding or having held any other
license.
\(sc 97.508 Preparing an examination.
(a) Each telegraphy message and each written question set
administered to an examinee must be prepared by a VE holding an
FCC-issued Amateur Extra Class operator license. A telegraphy
message or written question set, however, may also be prepared
for the following elements by a VE holding an FCC-issued operator
license of the Class indicated:
(1) Element 3(B): Advanced Class operator.
(2) Elements 1(A) and 3(A): Advanced or General Class
operator.
(3) Element 2: Advanced, General or Technician Class
operator.
(b) Each question set administered to an examinee must
utilize questions taken from the applicable question pool.
(c) Each telegraphy message and each written question set
administered to an examinee for a Technician, General, Advanced,
or Amateur Extra Class operator license must be prepared, or
obtained from a supplier, by the administering VEs according to
instructions from the coordinating VEC.
(d) The preparation of each telegraphy message and each
written question set administered to an examinee for a Novice
Class operator license is the responsibility of the administering
VEs. The telegraphy message and written question set may be
obtained by the administering VEs from a supplier.
(e) A telegraphy examination must consist of a message sent
in the international Morse code at no less than the prescribed
speed for a minimum of 5 minutes. The message must contain each
required telegraphy character at least once. No message known to
the examinee may be administered in a telegraphy examination.
Each 5 letters of the alphabet must be counted as 1 word. Each
numeral, punctuation mark and prosign must be counted as 2
letters of the alphabet.
\(sc 97.509 Administering an examination.
(a) Each examination for an amateur operator license must be
administered at a location and a time specified by the
administering VEs. Each administering VE must be present and
observe the examinee throughout the entire examination. The
administering VEs are responsible for the proper conduct and
necessary supervision of each examination. The administering VEs
must immediately terminate the examination upon failure of the
examinee to comply with their instructions.
(b) Each examinee must comply with the instructions given by
the administering VEs.
(c) No examination that has been compromised shall be
administered to any examinee. Neither the same telegraphy message
nor the same question set may be readministered to the same
examinee.
(d) Passing a telegraphy receiving examination is adequate
proof of an examinee's ability to both send and receive
telegraphy. The administering VEs, however, may also include a
sending segment in a telegraphy examination.
(e) Upon completion of each examination element, the
administering VEs must immediately grade the examinee's answers.
The administering VEs are responsible for determining the
correctness of the examinee's answers.
(f) When the examinee is credited for all examination
elements required for the operator license sought, the
administering VEs must certify on the examinee's application form
that the applicant is qualified for the license and report the
basis for the qualification.
(g) When the examinee does not score a passing grade on an
examination element, the administering VEs must return the
application form to the examinee and inform the examinee of the
grade.
(h) The administering VEs must accommodate an examinee whose
physical disabilities require a special examination procedure.
The administering VEs may require a physician's certification
indicating the nature of the disability before determining which,
if any, special procedures must be used.
(i) The FCC may:
(a) Administer any examination element itself;
(2) Readminister any examination element previously
administered by VEs, either itself or under the supervision of
VEs designated by the FCC; or
(3) Cancel the operator and station licenses of any licensee
who fails to appear for readministration of an examination when
directed by the FCC, or who does not successfully complete any
required element which is readministered. In an instance of such
cancellation, the person will be issued operator and station
licenses consistent with completed examination elements that have
not been invalidated by not appearing for, or by failing, the
examination upon readministration.
\(sc 97.511 Technician, General, Advanced and Amateur Extra
Class operator license examination.
(a) Each session where an examination for a Technician,
General, Advanced or Amateur Extra Class operator license is
administered must be coordinated by a VEC. Each administering VE
must be accredited by the coordinating VEC.
(b) Each examination for a Technician Class operator license
must be administered by 3 administering VEs, each of whom must
hold an FCC-issued Amateur Extra or Advanced Class operator
license.
(c) Each examination for a General, Advanced or Amateur
Extra Class operator license must be administered by 3
administering VEs, each of whom must hold an FCC-issued Amateur
Extra Class operator license.
(d) The administering VEs must make a public announcement
before administering an examination for Technician, General,
Advanced or Amateur Extra Class operator license. The number of
candidates at any examination may be limited.
(e) The administering VEs must issue a CSCE to an examinee
who scores a passing grade on an examination element.
(f) Within 10 days of the administration of a successful
examination for the Technician, General, Advanced or Amateur
Extra Class operator license, the administering VEs must submit
the application to the coordinating VEC.
\(sc 97.513 Novice Class operator license examination.
(a) Each examination for a Novice Class operator license
must be administered by 2 VEs. The VEs do not have to be
accredited by a VEC. Each administering VE must hold a current
FCC-issued Amateur Extra, Advanced or General Class operator
license.
(b) Within 10 days of the administration of a successful
examination for a Novice Class operator license, the
administering VEs must submit the application to: FCC, P.O. Box
1020, Gettysburg, PA 17326.
\(sc 97.515 Volunteer examiner requirements.
(a) Each administering VE must be at least 18 years of age.
(b) Any person who owns a significant interest in, or is an
employee of, any company or other entity that is engaged in the
manufacture or distribution of equipment used in connection with
amateur station transmissions, or in the preparation or
distribution of any publication used in preparation for obtaining
amateur licenses, is ineligible to be an administering VE. An
employee who does not normally communicate with that part of an
entity engaged in the manufacture or distribution of such
equipment, or in the preparation or distribution of any
publication used in preparation for obtaining amateur operator
licenses, is eligible to be an administering VE.
(c) No person may be a VE if that person's amateur station
license or amateur operator license has ever been revoked or
suspended.
(d) No VE may administer an examination to that VE's spouse,
children, grandchildren, stepchildren, parents, grandparents,
stepparents, brothers, sisters, stepbrothers, stepsisters, aunts,
uncles, nieces, nephews, and in-laws.
\(sc 97.517 Volunteer examiner conduct.
No VE may administer or certify any examination by
fraudulent means or for monetary or other consideration including
reimbursement in any amount in excess of that permitted.
Violation of this provision may result in the revocation of the
VE's amateur station license and the suspension of the VE's
amateur operator license.
\(sc 97.519 Coordinating examination sessions.
(a) A VEC must coordinate the efforts of VEs in preparing
and administering examinations.
(b) At the completion of each examination session
coordinated, the coordinating VEC must collect the applications
and test results from the administering VEs. The coordinating VEC
must screen and forward all applications for qualified examinees
within 10 days of their receipt from the administering VEs to:
FCC, P.O. Box 1020, Gettysburg, PA 17326.
(c) Each VEC must make any examination records available to
the FCC, upon request.
\(sc 97.521 VEC qualifications.
No organization may serve as a VEC unless it has entered
into a written agreement with the FCC. The VEC must abide by the
terms of the agreement. In order to be eligible to be a VEC, the
entity must:
(a) Be an organization that exists for the purpose of
furthering the amateur service;
(b) Be capable of serving as a VEC in at least the VEC
region (see Appendix 2) proposed;
(c) Agree to coordinate examinations for Technician,
General, Advanced, and Amateur Extra Class operator licenses;
(d) Agree to assure that, for any examination, every
examinee qualified under these rules is registered without regard
to race, sex, religion, national origin or membership (or lack
thereof) in any amateur service organization;
(e) Not be engaged in the manufacture or distribution of
equipment used in connection with amateur station transmissions,
or in the preparation or distribution of any publication used in
preparation for obtaining amateur licenses, unless a persuasive
showing is made to the FCC that preventive measures have been
taken to preclude any possible conflict of interest.
\(sc 97.523 Question pools.
All VECs must cooperate in maintaining one question pool for
each written examination element. Each question pool must contain
at least 10 times the number of questions required for a single
examination. Each question pool must be published and made
available to the public prior to its use for making a question
set. Each question on each VEC question pool must be prepared by
a VE holding the required FCC-issued operator license, See
\(sc 97.507(a) of this Part.
\(sc 97.525 Accrediting VEs.
(a) No VEC may accredit a person as a VE if:
(a) The person does not meet minimum VE statutory
qualifications or minimum qualifications as prescribed by this
Part;
(2) The FCC does not accept the voluntary and uncompensated
services of the person;
(3) The VEC determines that the person is not competent to
perform the VE functions; or
(4) The VEC determines that questions of the person's
integrity or honesty could compromise the examinations.
(b) Each VEC must seek a broad representation of amateur
operators to be VEs. No VEC may discriminate in accrediting VEs
on the basis of race, sex, religion or national origin; nor on
the basis of membership (or lack thereof) in an amateur service
organization; nor on the basis of the person accepting or
declining to accept reimbursement.
\(sc 97.527 Reimbursement for expenses.
(a) VEs and VECs may be reimbursed by examinees for out-of-
pocket expenses incurred in preparing, processing, administering,
or coordinating an examination for a Technician, general,
Advanced, or Amateur Extra operator license.
(b) The maximum amount of reimbursement from any one
examinee for any one examination at a particular session
regardless of the number of examination elements taken must not
exceed that announced by the FCC in a Public Notice. (The basis
for the maximum fee is $4.00 for 1984, adjusted annually each
January 1 thereafter for changes in the Department of Labor
Consumer Price Index.)
(c) No reimbursement may be accepted by any VE for
preparing, processing, or administering an examination for a
Novice operator license.
(d) Each VE and each VEC accepting reimbursement must
maintain records of out-of-pocket expenses and reimbursements for
each examination session. Written certifications must be filed
with the FCC each year that all expenses for the period from
January 1 to December 31 of the preceding year for which
reimbursement was obtained were necessarily and prudently
incurred.
(e) The expense and reimbursement records must be retained
by each VE and each VEC for 3 years and be made available to the
FCC upon request.
(f) Each VE must forward the certification by January 15 of
each year to the coordinating VEC for the examinations for which
reimbursement was received. Each VEC must forward all such
certifications and its own certification to the FCC on or before
January 31 of each year.
(g) Each VEC must disaccredit any VE failing to provide the
certification. The VEC must advise the FCC on January 31 of each
year of any VE that it has disaccredited for this reason.
Appendix 1 -- Places where the amateur service is regulated
by the FCC.
In ITU Region 2, the amateur service is regulated by the FCC
within the territorial limits of the 50 United States, District
of Columbia, Caribbean Insular areas [Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, United States Virgin Islands (50 islets and cays) and
Navassa Island], and Johnston Island (Islets East, Johnston,
North and Sand) and Midway Island (Islets Eastern and Sand) in
the Pacific Insular areas.
In ITU Region 3, the amateur service is regulated by the FCC
within the Pacific Insular territorial limits of American Samoa
(seven islands), Baker Island, Commonwealth of Northern Mariannas
Islands, Guam Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Kingman
Reef, Palmyra Island (more than 50 islets) and Wake Island
(Islets Peale, Wake and Wilkes).
Appendix 2 -- VEC Regions.
1. Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode
Island and Vermont.
2. New Jersey and New York.
3. Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland and
Pennsylvania.
4. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia.
5. Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma
and Texas.
6. California.
7. Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington
and Wyoming.
8. Michigan, Ohio and West Virginia.
9. Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin.
10. Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,
North Dakota and South Dakota.
11. Alaska
12. Caribbean Insular areas.
13. Hawaii and Pacific Insular areas.