[alt.sources] The Constitution of the United States of America

gam@amdahl.UUCP (09/17/87)

The following shar is the troffable text of the Constitution
of the United States of America, including amendments and
deleted text.

I'm sorry to report that this version relies on the System V -mm
macros.  I realize most of you are Berkeleyans, but hopefully you can
find a friend with System V who can troff this for you.  It was more
important to me to get this text out there than to make it universally
formatable.

The shar is in three parts:  a README, which is a description of troff
details and configuration dependencies; usc.source.mm, the text itself;
and usc.macros.mm, the formating macros.

--------------------------- cut here -----------------------------
: This is a shar archive.  Extract with sh, not csh.
echo x - README
sed -e 's/^X//' > README << '!Funky!Stuff!'
Xusc.macros.mm - macros for printing the Consititution.
X
X	This includes setting the font to Helvetica:
X.fp 1 HR
X.fp 2 HI
X.fp 3 HB
X	(remove these lines if you don't have that font)
X	and reading in the -mm macro package in /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.m.
X
X	The line length is set thus:
X.ll 76n
X	which turns out to be too wide for printing at a terminal;
X	the formatting was intended for a phototypesetting
X	printer.
X
Xusc.source.mm - text of the Constitution itself.  Editings by
X	various Amendments are included in [brackets], so the
X	text is complete.
X
XThis was originally done on Image Network's xroff system on
Xa Xerox 2700.  Thanks to Bob Lent of Amdahl Corporation (rsl@amdahl)
Xfor doing all the typing and set-up.
X
XTo print:
X	troff usc.macros.mm usc.source.mm
Xor
X	xroff usc.macros.mm usc.source.mm
X
X(note that the -mm flag is *not* used).
!Funky!Stuff!
echo x - usc.macros.mm
sed -e 's/^X//' > usc.macros.mm << '!Funky!Stuff!'
X.. Setup for xroff version of US Constitution .   rsl 841103
X.nr S 12
X.so /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.m
X.rm )k
X.fp 1 HR
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X.PH ""
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echo x - usc.source.mm
sed -e 's/^X//' > usc.source.mm << '!Funky!Stuff!'
X.ft B
X.S +2
X.ce
XThe Constitution of the United States
X.sp
X.S
X.ce
XPREAMBLE
X.ft P
X.PP
XWe, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union,
Xestablish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common
Xdefense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to
Xourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for
Xthe United States of America.
X.AR I
X.SB 1
XLegislative powers; in whom vested
X.SE
X.PP
XAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the 
XUnited States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
X.SB 2
XHouse of Representatives, how and by whom chosen
XQualifications of a Representative.  Representatives and direct taxes,
Xhow apportioned.  Enumeration.  Vacancies to be filled.  Power of
Xchoosing officers, and of impeachment.
X.SE
X.NP
XThe House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen
Xevery second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in
Xeach State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most
Xnumerous branch of the State Legislature.
X.NP
XNo person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the age
Xof twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States,
Xand who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he
Xshall be chosen.
X.NP
XRepresentatives
X.Z1
Xand direct taxes\c
X.Z2
XAltered by 16th Amendment\c
X.Z3
Xshall be apportioned among the several
XStates which may be included within this Union, according to their
Xrespective numbers,
X.Z1
Xwhich shall be determined by adding the whole
Xnumber of free persons,
Xincluding those bound to service for a term of
Xyears, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.\c
X.Z2
XAltered by 14th Amendment\c
X.Z3
XThe actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first
Xmeeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent
Xterm of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct.  The number
Xof Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each
XState shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration
Xshall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose
Xthree, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one,
XConnecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight,
XDelaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South
XCarolina five, and Georgia three.
X.NP
XWhen vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the
XExecutive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
Xvacancies.
X.NP
XThe House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other
Xofficers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
X.SB 3
XSenators, how and by whom chosen.  How classified.  State
XExecutive, when to make temporary appointments, in case, etc. 
XQualifications of a Senator.  President of the Senate, his right to vote.
XPresident pro tem., and other officers of the Senate, how chosen.  Power
Xto try impeachments.  When President is tried, Chief Justice to preside. 
XSentence.
X.SE
X.NP
XThe Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from
Xeach State,
X.Z1
Xchosen by the Legislature thereof,\c
X.Z2
XAltered by 17th Amendment\c
X.Z3
Xfor six years; and each
XSenator shall have one vote.
X.NP
XImmediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
Xelection, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes.  The
Xseats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of
Xthe second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year,
Xand of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third
Xmay be chosen every second year;
X.Z1
Xand if vacancies happen by resignation,
Xor otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the
XExecutive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next
Xmeeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.\c
X.Z2
XAltered by 17th Amendment\c
X.Z3
X.NP
XNo person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of
Xthirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who
Xshall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be
Xchosen.
X.NP
XThe Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate,
Xbut shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
X.NP
XThe Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President \fIpro
Xtempore\fP, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the
Xoffice of the President of the United States.
X.NP
XThe Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments.  When
Xsitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation.  When the
XPresident of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: and
Xno person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the
Xmembers present.
X.NP
XJudgement in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to
Xremoval from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of
Xhonor, trust, or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall
Xnevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgement and
Xpunishment, according to law.
X.SB 4
XTimes, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed.  One
Xsession in each year.
X.SE
X.NP
XThe times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and 
XRepresentatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature
Xthereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter
Xsuch regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.
X.NP
XThe Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and
Xsuch meeting shall be
X.Z1
Xon the first Monday in December,\c
X.Z2
XAltered by 20th Amendment\c
X.Z3
Xunless they by law appoint a different day.
X.SB 5
XMembership, Quorum, Adjournments, Rules, Power to punish or
Xexpel.  Journal.  Time of adjournments, how limited, etc.
X.SE
X.NP
XEach House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and
Xqualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall
Xconstitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may
Xadjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the
Xattendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such
Xpenalties as each House may provide.
X.NP
XEach House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish
Xits members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence
Xof two-thirds, expel a member.
X.NP
XEach House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from
Xtime to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in
Xtheir judgement require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the
Xmembers of either House on any question shall, at the desire
Xof one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.
X.NP
XNeither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent
Xof the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place
Xthan that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
X.SB 6
XCompensation, Privileges, Disqualification in certain cases.
X.SE
X.NP
XThe Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their
Xservices, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the
XUnited States.  They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach
Xof the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the
Xsession of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the
Xsame; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be
Xquestioned in any other place.
X.NP
XNo Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was
Xelected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United
XStates, which shall have increased during such time; and no person holding
Xany office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during
Xhis continuance in office.
X.SB 7
XHouse to originate all revenue bills.  Veto.  Bill may be
Xpassed by two-thirds of each House, notwithstanding, etc.  Bill, not
Xreturned in ten days to become a law.  Provisions as to orders,
Xconcurrent resolutions, etc.
X.SE
X.NP
XAll bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
XRepresentatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with 
Xamendments as on other bills.  
X.NP
XEvery bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the
XSenate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the president of the
XUnited States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return
Xit, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated,
Xwho shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to
Xreconsider it.  If after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house
Xshall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the
Xobjections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered,
Xand if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law.  But in
Xall such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and
Xnays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be
Xentered on the journal of each house respectively.  If any bill shall not
Xbe returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it
Xshall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner
Xas if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent
Xits return, in which case it shall not be a law.
X.NP
XEvery order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and
XHouse of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of
Xadjournment) shall be presented to the president of the United States; and
Xbefore the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being
Xdisapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and
XHouse of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed
Xin the case of a bill.
X.SB 8
XPowers of Congress
X.SE
X.PP
XThe Congress shall have the power
X.NP
Xto lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts
Xand excises, to pay the debts and provide  for the common defence and
Xgeneral welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises
Xshall be uniform throughout the United States:
X.NP
XTo borrow money on the credit of the United States:
X.NP
XTo regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states,
Xand with the Indian tribes:
X.NP
XTo establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the
Xsubject of bankruptcies throughout the United States:
X.NP
XTo coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the
Xstandard of weights and measures:
X.NP
XTo provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current
Xcoin of the United States:
X.NP
XTo establish post-offices and post-roads:
X.NP
XTo promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited
Xtimes to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective
Xwritings and discoveries:
X.NP
XTo constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court:
X.NP
XTo define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and
Xoffences against the law of nations:
X.NP
XTo declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
Xconcerning captures on land and water:
X.NP
XTo raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use
Xshall be for a longer term than two years:
X.NP
XTo provide and maintain a navy:
X.NP
XTo make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval
Xforces:
X.NP
XTo provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union,
Xsuppress insurrections and repel invasions:
X.NP
XTo provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for
Xgoverning such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United
XStates, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the
Xofficers, and the authority of training the militia according to the
Xdiscipline prescribed by Congress:
X.NP
XTo exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such
Xdistrict (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular
Xstates, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government
Xof the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places
Xpurchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same
Xshall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and
Xother needful buildings: And,
X.NP
XTo make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into
Xexecution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
Xconstitution in the government of the United States, or in any department
Xor officer thereof.
X.SB 9
XProvision as to migration or importation of certain persons.  \fIHabeas
XCorpus\fP, Bills of attainder, etc.  Taxes, how apportioned.  No export
Xduty.  No commercial preference.  Money, how drawn from Treasury, etc. 
XNo titular nobility.  Officers not top receive presents, etc.
X.SE
X.NP
XThe migration or importation of such persons as any of the states
Xnow existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the
XCongress prior to the year 1808, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such
Ximportations, not exceeding 10 dollars for each person.
X.NP
XThe privilege of the writ of \fIhabeas corpus\fP shall not be suspended,
Xunless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require
Xit.
X.NP
XNo bill of attainder or \fIex post facto\fP law shall be passed.
X.NP
X.Z1
XNo capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid unless in proportion to
Xthe census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.\c
X.Z2
XAltered by 16th Amendment\c
X.Z3
X.NP
XNo tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.
X.NP
XNo preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to
Xthe ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to,
Xor from one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.
X.NP
XNo money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of
Xappropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
Xreceipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time
Xto time.
X.NP
XNo title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no person
Xholding any office or profit or trust under them, shall, without the
Xconsent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or
Xtitle, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
X.SB 10
XStates prohibited from the exercise of certain powers.
X.SE
X.NP
XNo state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation;
Xgrant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit;
Xmake any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass
Xany bill of attainder, \fIex post facto\fP law, or law impairing the
Xobligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
X.NP
XNo state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or
Xduties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for
Xexecuting its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and
Ximposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of
Xthe treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to
Xthe revision and control of the Congress.
X.NP
XNo state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage,
Xkeep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or
Xcompact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in a war,
Xunless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of
Xdelay.
X.AR II
X.SB 1
XPresident: his term of office.  Electors of President; number and how
Xappointed.  Electors to vote on same day.  Qualification of President. 
XOn whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc. 
XPresident's compensation.  His oath of office.
X.SE
X.NP
XThe Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States
Xof America. He shall hold office during the term of four years, and
Xtogether with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected
Xas follows
X.NP
X.Z1
XEach State\c
X.Z2
XAltered by 23rd Amendment\c
X.Z3
Xshall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature may direct,
Xa number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and
XRepresentatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress:
Xbut no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust
Xor profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector
X.Z1
XThe electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot
Xfor two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the
Xsame State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons
Xvoted for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit
Xsealed to the seat of Government of the United States, directed to the
XPresident of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the
Xpresence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
Xcertificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having
Xthe greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number
Xbe a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there
Xbe more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of
Xvotes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by
Xballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority,
Xthen from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like
Xmanner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes
Xshall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one
Xvote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members
Xfrom two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall
Xbe necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the
XPresident, the person having the greatest number of votes of the
Xelectors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two
Xor more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by
Xballot the Vice President.\c
X.Z2
XAltered by 12th Amendment\c
X.Z3
X.NP
XThe Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
Xday on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same
Xthroughout the United States.
X.NP
XNo person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United
XStates, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
Xeligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible
Xto that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five
Xyears, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.
X.NP
X.Z1
XIn case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
Xresignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said
Xoffice, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress
Xmay by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or
Xinability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what
Xofficer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly,
Xuntil the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.\c
X.Z2
XAltered by 25th Amendment\c
X.Z3
X.NP
XThe President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a
Xcompensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
Xperiod for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive
Xwithin that period any other emolument from the United States, or any
Xof them.
X.NP
XBefore he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
Xfollowing oath or affirmation:
X.br
X"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the
Xoffice of the President of the United States, and will to the best of
Xmy ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United
XStates."
X.SB 2
XPresident to be Commander-in-Chief.  He may require opinions of cabinet
Xofficers, etc., may pardon.  Treaty-making power.  Nomination of certain
Xofficers.  When President may fill vacancies.
X.SE
X.NP
XThe President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the
XUnited States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into
Xthe actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in
Xwriting, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments,
Xupon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and
Xhe shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses
Xagainst the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
X.NP
XHe shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to
Xmake treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and
Xhe shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
Xshall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of
Xthe Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose
Xappointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be
Xestablished by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of
Xsuch inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in
Xthe courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
X.NP
XThe President shall have the power to fill up all vacancies that
Xmay happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions,
Xwhich shall expire at the end of their next session.
X.SB 3
XPresident shall communicate to Congress.  He may convene and adjourn
XCongress, in case of disagreement, etc.  Shall receive ambassadors,
Xexecute laws, and commission officers.
X.SE
X.PP
XHe shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state
Xof the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall
Xjudge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene
Xboth Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them,
Xwith respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time
Xas he shall think proper; he may receive ambassadors, and other public
Xministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and
Xshall commission all the officers of the United States.
X.SB 4
XAll civil offices forfeited for certain crimes.
X.SE
X.PP
XThe President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States,
Xshall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason,
Xbribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
X.AR III
X.SB 1
XJudicial powers.  Tenure.  Compensation.
X.SE
X.PP
XThe judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one
Xsupreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time
Xto time, ordain and establish.  The judges, both of the supreme and
Xinferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall,
Xat stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not
Xbe diminished during their continuance in office.
X.SB 2
XJudicial power; to what cases it extends.  Original jurisdiction of
XSupreme Court Appellate.  Trial by Jury, etc.  Trial, where
X.SE
X.NP
XThe judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity,
Xarising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and
Xtreaties made, or which shall be made under their authority; to all cases
Xaffecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of
Xadmiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United
XStates shall be a party;
X.Z1
Xto controversies between two or more states,
Xbetween a state and citizens of another state, between citizens of
Xdifferent states, between citizens of the same state, claiming lands under
Xgrants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof,
Xand foreign states, citizens or subjects.\c
X.Z2
XAltered by 11th Amendment\c
X.Z3
X.NP
XIn all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and
Xthose in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have
Xoriginal jurisdiction.  In all the other cases before-mentioned, the
Xsupreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact,
Xwith such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall
Xmake.
X.NP
XThe trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury;
Xand such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have
Xbeen committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be
Xat such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.
X.SB 3
XTreason defined.  Proof of.  Punishment
X.SE
X.NP
XTreason against the United States shall consist only in levying
Xwar against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and
Xcomfort.  No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony
Xof two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.
X.NP
XThe Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no
Xattainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except
Xduring the life of the person attainted.
X.AR IV
X.SB 1
XEach State to give credit to the public acts, etc. of every other State.
X.SE
X.PP
XFull faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public
Xacts, records and judicial proceedings of every other state.  And the
XCongress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts,
Xrecords and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
X.SB 2
XPrivileges of citizens of each State.  Fugitives from Justice to be
Xdelivered up.  Persons held to service having escaped, to be delivered up.
X.SE
X.NP
XThe citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and
Ximmunities of citizens in the several states.
X.Z2
XSee the 14th Amendment\c
X.Z3
X.NP
XA person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who
Xshall flee justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the
Xexecutive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be
Xremoved to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.
X.NP
X.Z1
XNo person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws thereof,
Xescaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation
Xtherein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered
Xup on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due.\c
X.Z2
XAltered by 13th Amendment\c
X.Z3
X.SB 3
XAdmission of new States.  Power of Congress over territory and other property.
X.SE
X.NP
XNew states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no
Xnew state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other
Xstate, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states,
Xwithout the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as
Xof the Congress.
X.NP
XThe Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and
Xregulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the
XUnited States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to
Xprejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state.
X.SB 4
XRepublican form of government guaranteed.  Each State to be protected.
X.SE
X.PP
XThe United States shall guarantee to every state in this union, a
Xrepublican form of government, and shall protect each of them against
Xinvasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when
Xthe legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.
X.AR V
X.SB
XAmendments
X.SE
X.PP
XThe Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it
Xnecessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or on the
Xapplication of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states,
Xshall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either
Xcase, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
Xconstitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the
Xseveral states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one
Xor the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress:
XProvided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year 1808,
Xshall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth
Xsection of the first article; and that no state, without its consent,
Xshall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
X.AR VI
X.NP
XAll debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption
Xof this constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under
Xthis constitution, as under the confederation.
X.NP
XThis constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
Xmade in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be
Xmade, under the authority of the United States shall be the supreme law
Xof the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any
Xthing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary
Xnotwithstanding.
X.NP
XThe senators and representatives before-mentioned, and the members of
Xthe several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial
Xofficers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be
Xbound by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution; but no
Xreligious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office
Xor public trust under the United States.
X.AR VII
X.PP
XThe ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient
Xfor the establishment of this constitution between the states so
Xratifying the same.
X.ft B
X.ne 6
X.ce
X.sp 2
XAMENDMENTS
X.SB
XThe Ten Original Amendments: The Bill of Rights.
XPassed by Congres September 25, 1789.
XRatified December 15, 1791.
X.SE
X.ft P
X.AM I
X.PP
XCongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
Xor prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
Xspeech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
Xassemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
X.AM II
X.PP
XA well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free
XState, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be
Xinfringed.
X.AM III
X.PP
XNo soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house,
Xwithout the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to
Xbe prescribed by law.
X.AM IV
X.PP
XThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
Xpapers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall
Xnot be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
Xsupported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
Xto be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
X.AM V
X.PP
XNo person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise
Xinfamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury,
Xexcept in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia,
Xwhen in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any
Xperson be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of
Xlife or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a
Xwitness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
Xwithout due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for
Xpublic use without just compensation.
X.AM VI
X.PP
XIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to
Xa speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and
Xdistrict wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district
Xshall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the
Xnature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
Xagainst him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
Xfavor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
X.AM VII
X.PP
XIn suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
Xtwenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no
Xfact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the
XUnited States, than according to the rules of the common law.
X.AM VIII
X.PP
XExcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed,
Xnor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
X.AM IX
X.PP
XThe enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not
Xbe construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
X.AM X
X.PP
XThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
Xnor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
Xrespectively, or to the people.
X.AM XI
X.SB
XPassed by Congress March 4, 1794.  Ratified February 7, 1795.
X.SE
X.PP
XThe judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
Xextend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against
Xone of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens
Xor subjects of any foreign state.
X.AM XII
X.SB
XPassed by Congress December 9, 1803.  Ratified July 27, 1804.
X.SE
X.PP
XThe Electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot
Xfor President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be
Xan inhabitant of the same State with themselves;  they shall name in
Xtheir ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct
Xballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of
Xvotes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit
Xsealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to
Xthe President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the
Xpresence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
Xcertificates and the votes shall then be counted; - The person having
Xthe greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if
Xsuch number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed;
Xand if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the
Xhighest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as
XPresident, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by
Xballot, the President.   But in choosing the President, the votes shall
Xbe taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote;
Xa quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from
Xtwo-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be
Xnecessary to  a choice.  And if the House of Representatives shall not
Xchoose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon
Xthem,
X.Z1
Xbefore the fourth day of March next following,\c
X.Z2
XAltered by 20th Amendment\c
X.Z3
Xthen the
XVice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other
Xconstitutional disability of the President.  The person having the
Xgreatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the
XVice-President, if such numbers be a majority of the whole number of
Xelectors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two
Xhighest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the
XVice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of
Xthe whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall
Xbe necessary to a choice.  But no person constitutionally ineligible
Xto the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President
Xof the United States.
X.AM XIII
X.SB
XPassed by Congress January 31, 1865.  Ratified December 6, 1865.
X.SE
X.SB 1
X.SE
X.PP
XNeither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for
Xcrime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
Xwithin the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
X.SB 2
X.SE
X.PP
XCongress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
Xlegislation.
X.AM XIV
X.SB
XPassed by Congress June 13, 1866.  Ratified July 9, 1868
X.SE
X.SB 1
X.SE
X.PP
XAll persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject
Xto the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the
XState wherein they reside.  No State shall make or enforce any law
Xwhich shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
XUnited States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty,
Xor property, without due process of law; nor to deny to any person
Xwithin its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
X.SB 2
X.SE
X.PP
XRepresentatives shall be apportioned among the several States
Xaccording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
Xpersons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.  But when the right
Xto vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and
XVice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the
Xexecutive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the
XLegislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such
XState, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United
XStates, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion,
Xor other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in
Xthe proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the
Xwhole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
X.SB 3
X.SE
X.PP
XNo person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or
XElector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or
Xmilitary, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
Xpreviously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
Xthe United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an
Xexecutive or judicial officer of any State, to support the
XConstitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection
Xor rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies
Xthereof.  But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House,
Xremove such disability.
X.SB 4
X.SE
X.PP
XThe validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by
Xlaw,  including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for
Xservices in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be
Xquestioned.  But neither the United States nor any State shall assume
Xor pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or
Xrebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or
Xemancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims
Xshall be held illegal and void.
X.SB 5
X.SE
X.PP
XThe Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate
Xlegislation, the provisions of this article.
X.AM XV
X.SB
XPassed by Congress February 26, 1869.  Ratified February 3, 1870.
X.SE
X.SB 1
X.SE
X.PP
XThe right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
Xdenied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of
Xrace, color, or previous condition of servitude.
X.SB 2
X.SE
X.PP
XThe Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by
Xappropriate legislation.
X.AM XVI
X.SB
XPassed by Congress July 2, 1909.  Ratified February 3, 1913.
X.SE
X.PP
XThe Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from
Xwhatever sources derived, without apportionment among the several
XStates, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
X.AM XVII
X.SB
XPassed by Congress May 13, 1912.  Ratified April 8, 1913.
X.SE
X.PP
XThe Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators
Xfrom each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each
XSenator shall have one vote.  The electors in each State shall have the
Xqualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of
Xthe State Legislatures.
X.PP
XWhen vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the
XSenate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of
Xelection to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the Legislature of any
XState may empower the Executive thereof to make temporary appointments
Xuntil the people fill the vacancies by election as the Legislature may
Xdirect.
X.PP
XThis amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election
Xor term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the
XConstitution.
X.AM XVIII
X.SB
XPassed by Congress December 18, 1917.  Ratified January 16, 1919.\c
X.Z2
XAltered by Amendment 21\c
X.Z3
X.SE
X.PP
XAfter one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture,
Xsale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation
Xthereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all
Xterritory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is
Xhereby prohibited.
X.PP
XThe Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to
Xenforce this article by appropriate legislation.
X.PP
XThis article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified
Xas an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of the several
XStates, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the
Xdate of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
X.AM XIX
X.SB
XPassed by Congress June 4, 1919.  Ratified August 18, 1920.
X.SE
X.PP
XThe right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
Xdenied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of
Xsex.
X.PP
XCongress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
Xlegislation.
X.AM XX
X.SB 1
X.SE
X.PP
XThe terms of the President and the Vice-President shall end at noon
Xon the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives
Xat noon on the 3rd day of January, of the years in which such terms would
Xhave ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their
Xsuccessors shall then begin.
X.SB 2
X.SE
X.PP
XThe Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting
Xshall begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they shall by law
Xappoint a different day.
X.SB 3
X.SE
X.PP
XIf, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President,
Xthe President elect shall have died, the Vice-President elect shall
Xbecome President.  If a President shall not have been chosen before the
Xtime fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect
Xshall have failed to qualify, then the Vice-President elect shall act
Xas President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress
Xmay by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor
Xa Vice-President shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as
XPresident, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected,
Xand such person shall act accordingly until a President or
XVice-President shall have qualified.
X.SB 4
X.SE
X.PP
XThe Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of
Xthe persons from whom the House of representatives may choose a
XPresident whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them,
Xand for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the
XSenate may choose a Vice-President whenever the right of choice shall
Xhave devolved upon them.
X.SB 5
X.SE
X.PP
XSections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October
Xfollowing the ratification of this article (October 1933).
X.SB 6
X.SE
X.PP
XThis article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified
Xas an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of
Xthree-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of
Xits submission.
X.AM XXI
X.SB
XPassed by Congress February 20, 1933.  Ratified December 5, 1933.
X.SE
X.SB 1
X.SE
X.PP
XThe Eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the
XUnited States is hereby repealed.
X.SB 2
X.SE
X.PP
XThe transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or
XPossession of the United States for delivery or use therein of
Xintoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby
Xprohibited.
X.SB 3
X.SE
X.PP
XThis article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified
Xas an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several
XStates, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the
Xdate of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
X.AM XXII
X.SB
XPassed by Congress March 21, 1947.  Ratified February 27, 1951.
X.SE
X.PP
XNo person shall be elected to the office of the President more than
Xtwice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as
XPresident, for more that two years of a term to which some other person
Xwas elected President shall be elected to the office of President more
Xthat once.
X.PP
XBut this Article shall not apply to any person holding the
Xoffice of President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and shall
Xnot prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting
Xas President, during the term the term within which this Article becomes
Xoperative from holding the office of President or acting as President during
Xthe remainder of such term.
X.PP
XThis article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified
Xas an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of three-fourths
Xof the several States within seven years from the date of its submission
Xto the States by the Congress.
X.AM XXIII
X.SB
XPassed by Congress June 16, 1960.  Ratified March 29, 1961.
X.SE
X.SB 1
X.SE
X.PP
XThe District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall
Xappoint in such manner as Congress may direct:
X.PP
XA number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number
Xof Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be
Xentitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State;
Xthey shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall
Xbe considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President,
Xto be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District
Xand preform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.
X.SB 1
X.SE
X.PP
XThe Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
Xlegislation.
X.AM XXIV
X.SB
XPassed by Congress August 27, 1962.  Ratified January 23, 1964.
X.SE
X.SB 1
X.SE
X.PP
XThe right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or
Xother election for President or Vice President, for electors for President
Xor Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall
Xnot be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of
Xfailure to pay poll tax or any other tax.
X.SB 2
X.SE
X.PP
XCongress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
X.AM XXV
X.SB
XPassed by Congress July 6, 1965.  Ratified February 10, 1967.
X.SE
X.SB 1
X.SE
X.PP
XIn case of the removal of the President from office or of his death
Xor resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
X.SB 2
X.SE
X.PP
XWhenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the
XPresident shall nominate a Vice President who shall take the office upon
Xconfirmation by a majority vote of both houses of Congress.
X.SB 3
X.SE
X.PP
XWhenever the President transmits to the President Pro tempore of the
XSenate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration
Xthat he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and
Xuntil he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such
Xpowers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.
X.SB 4
X.SE
X.PP
XWhenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal
Xofficers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress
Xmay by law provide, transmits to the President Pro tempore of the
XSenate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration
Xthat the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office,
Xthe Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the
Xoffice as Acting President.
X.PP
XThereafter, when the President transmits to the President Pro tempore
Xof the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his
Xwritten declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the
Xpowers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a
Xmajority of either the principal officers of the executive departments
Xor of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmits within
Xfour days to the President Pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of
Xthe House of Representatives their written declaration that the
XPresident is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office.
XThereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within
Xforty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session.  If the Congress,
Xwithin twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration,
Xor, if Congress is not in session within twenty-one days after Congress
Xis required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both houses
Xthat the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
Xoffice, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as
XActing President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and
Xduties of his office.
X.AM XXVI
X.SB
XPassed by Congress March 23, 1971.  Ratified June 30, 1971.
X.SE
X.SB 1
X.SE
X.PP
XThe right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age
Xor older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States
Xor any state on account of age.
X.SB 2
X.SE
X.PP
XThe Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
Xlegislation.
!Funky!Stuff!
exit
-- 
Gordon A. Moffett                             gam@amdahl.amdahl.com

 ~ Let us break these bonds assunder! ~
 ~ Let us cast these yokes away from us! ~

rees@apollo.UUCP (09/18/87)

[ I've restricted the distribution to 'usa' for this followup. ]

I hope you didn't type this in by hand.  That's already been done
before, and I hate to see wasted effort.

About 3 years ago, a group of people got together, split up the
constitution, and each typed in part of it.  Then they posted it
to the net in troffable form.  Their version doesn't depend on
any particular troff macro package.

I've still got a copy.  I won't post it, but here's the introduction:

From: ward@hao.UUCP (Mike Ward)
Newsgroups: net.sources
Subject: Part 1, U.S.Constitution
Message-ID: <1236@hao.UUCP>
Date: 30 Oct 84 14:36:08 GMT
Organization: High Altitude Obs./NCAR, Boulder CO
Lines: 178

Source of the U.S. Constitution:

This is a description of the file which contains the source for the
Constitution of the United States of America.  The file is set up as an
input file for nroff.  However, the information is structured in such a way
that it can be easily edited for other formatters.  Familiarity with nroff
is assumed in what follows.

There is no dependence on any particular macro package.  It should be
possible to format the Constitution text using most existing macro packages
(within reason--e.g., the "-man" manual page macros are probably not a good
choice).  A few macros are used in the text.  The meaning for these macros
is given next, followed by a sample set of macros which can be used to
format the Constitution for perusal on a CRT.  Refer to these sample macros
for illustration of the explanations of meanings.

What to do:
	Get the macros (possibly the ones which are at the end of this
	message) into a file.
	Get the main source into another file, removing any header and/or
	blank lines.
	Nroff the two files and see what happens.  Adjust macros
	accordingly.

The following people helped to get this project through to completion:

proper!gam
ccivax!band
dartvax!betsy
omsvax!batie
ritcv!krf7527
tektronix!andr
teldata!shad
ccivax!band
cepu!scw
dartvax!betsy
omsvax!batie
ritcv!krf7527
stcvax!lat
tekigm!dand
tektronix.andr
teldata.shad
nbires!rcd

Special thanks is owed to Dick Dunn (nbires!rcd), who not only
typed in more than his share, but proof-read and formatted the whole
thing and wrote most of this posting.

If there are any questions about the format or the accuracy,
contact me or Dick.  If there are any questions about the nroff
stuff, contact Dick, or your local guru.  If there are any questions
about the content, ask the Supreme Court.

gam@amdahl.UUCP (09/23/87)

There is a small bug in the macros section which the following diff
shows the patch for.  The bug is rather subtle but appears as a slight
error in vertical spacing in the last line of the 'Section' paragraphs.

Thanks to Ian Darwin (ian@sq.com) for pointing this out and providing
the fix.

*** OLDusc.macros.	Tue Sep 22 14:45:02 1987
--- usc.macros.mm	Tue Sep 22 14:21:19 1987
***************
*** 42,47 ****
--- 42,48 ----
  .S -2
  ..
  .de SE		\" Section end (closes .SB)
+ .br
  .S
  .ll +5m
  .in -5m
-- 
Gordon A. Moffett                             gam@amdahl.amdahl.com

 ~ Let us break these bonds assunder! ~
 ~ Let us cast these yokes away from us! ~