jv@mh.nl (Johan Vromans) (06/13/90)
This is a TeX version of the information on the Perl Reference Guide,
based on guide version 3.0.18.2. It will create a printable copy of
the information on the Guide, but not its fancy formatting.
NOTE: This TeX document has been created by Raymond Chen
<raymond@math.berkeley.edu>. You should contact him for details
and remarks. I'm only passing it through.
Submitted-by: Raymond Chen <raymond@math.berkeley.edu>
Archive-name: perlref.tex/part01
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# made 06/13/1990 08:34 UTC by jv@squirrel
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if test -r shar3_seq_.tmp; then
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# ============= perlref.tex ==============
echo "x - extracting perlref.tex (Text)"
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X% Perl Reference Guide (for perl version 3.0)
X%
X% Perl designed and created by Larry Wall <lwall@jpl-devvax.jpl.nasa.gov>
X% Reference guide designed and created by Johan Vromans <jv@mh.nl>
X% TeX version by Raymond Chen <raymond@math.berkeley.edu>
X%
X% Copyright 1989, 1990 Johan Vromans
X% TeX version Copyright 1990 Raymond Chen
X%
X% Rev. 3.0.18.1 Use and reproduction of this information is unlimited.
X%
X% Changes to Johan's wording are marked by %%rjc%%
X%
X%%%%%%%%%% This file uses one nonstandard font for the title page.
X% If you don't have it, then change the following \iffalse to \iftrue.
X\iffalse
X \let\twelvebf=\bf
X\else
X \font\twelvebf=cmbx12
X\fi
X%%%%%%%%%% You may steal the following magic macros.
X%
X% Magic:
X%
X% |stuff| puts the stuff in \tt.
X% <stuff> puts the stuff in \it.
X
X%% verbatim macros
X\chardef\other=12
X\def\ttverbatim{\begingroup \catcode`\\=\other \catcode`\{=\other
X\catcode`\}=\other \catcode`\$=\other \catcode`\&=\other
X\catcode`\#=\other \catcode`\%=\other \catcode`\~=\other
X\catcode`\_=\other \catcode`\^=\other \catcode`\<=\other
X\obeyspaces \obeylines \tt}
X
X{\catcode`\|=\active
X\obeylines \gdef|{\leavevmode%
X \ttverbatim \spaceskip.5em plus.25em minus.15em%
X \let^^M=\ \let|=\endgroup \escapechar`\|}}
X
X\catcode`\|=\active
X\def\|{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\|}}
X
X\catcode`\<=\active
X\def<{\leavevmode\italicizerest}
X\def\italicizerest#1>{{\it#1\/}}
X
X\def\cstok#1{\leavevmode\thinspace\hbox{\vrule\vtop{\vbox{\hrule\kern1pt%
X \hbox{\vphantom{\tt/}\thinspace{\tt#1}\thinspace}}%
X \kern1pt\hrule}\vrule}\thinspace}
X
X\catcode`\&=\active
X\let&=\undefined
X
X\def\*{$^\dagger$}
X
X\newdimen\tablewidth
X\def\table{\everypar={\nextitem}\parindent=0pt\tablewidth}
X\def\endtable{\everypar={}\par}
X
X\def\outtext{\everypar={\hangindent=3pc\relax}\parindent0pt\relax}
X\def\text{\everypar={}\parindent0pt\relax}
X
X\def\nextitem{\bgroup\let\par\means\obeylines\global\setbox0=\hbox\bgroup}
X\def\means{\enskip\egroup\egroup
X \ifdim\wd0>\tablewidth
X \hangindent\tablewidth
X \box0\hfill\break
X \hskip\tablewidth
X \else\hangindent\tablewidth
X \hbox to\tablewidth{\box0\hss}%
X \fi\ignorespaces}
X
X%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
X
X\centerline{\twelvebf Perl Reference Guide}
X\centerline{\bf for perl version 3.0}
X\medskip
X\hbox to \hsize{\hss
X Perl program designed and
X created by Larry Wall |<lwall@jpl-devvax.jpl.nasa.gov>|\hss}
X\hbox to \hsize{\hss
X Reference guide designed and created by Johan Vromans |<jv@mh.nl>|\hss}
X\hbox to \hsize{\hss
X \TeX\ version by Raymond Chen |<raymond@math.berkeley.edu>|\hss}
X\medskip
X\centerline{Copyright \copyright 1989, 1990 Johan Vromans}
X\centerline{\TeX\ version Copyright 1990 Raymond Chen}
X\centerline{Rev. 3.0.18.1}
X\centerline{Use and reproduction of this information is unlimited.}
X\bigskip
X
X\centerline{\bf Contents}
X\bigskip
X\line{\hss\catcode`\?=\active \let?=\space
X\def\<#1. #2.{\hbox{#1\quad#2}}
X\vbox{
X\<?1. Command line options.
X\<?2. Literals.
X\<?3. Variables.
X\<?4. Statements.
X\<?5. Flow control.
X\<?6. Operators.
X\<?7. File test operators.
X\<?8. Arithmetic functions.
X\<?9. Conversion functions.
X\<10. Structure conversion.
X\<11. String functions.
X\<12. Array and list functions.
X}\qquad\vbox{
X\<13. File operations.
X\<14. Directory reading routines.
X\<15. Input/Output.
X\<16. Search and replace functions.
X\<17. System interaction.
X\<18. Networking.
X\<19. Miscellaneous.
X\<20. Info from system files.
X\<21. Regular expressions.
X\<22. Formats.
X\<23. Special variables.
X\<24. Special arrays.
X}\hss}
X
X\beginsection 1. Command line options
X
X\table1.2in
X
X|-a|
Xturns on autosplit mode when used with |-n| or |-p|. Splits to |@F|.
X
X|-d|
Xruns the script under the debugger. Use ``|-de 0|'' to start the
Xdebugger without a script.
X
X|-D|<number>
Xsets debugging flags.
X
X|-e| <commandline>
X may be used to enter one line of script. Multiple
X |-e| commands may be given to build up a multi-line script.
X
X|-i|<extension>
X specifies that files processed by
X the |<>| construct are to be edited in-place.
X
X|-I|<directory>
X with |-P|: tells the C preprocessor where to look
X for include files.
X
X|-n|
Xassumes an input loop around your script. Lines are not printed.
X
X|-p|
Xassumes an input loop around your script. Lines are printed.
X
X|-P|
Xruns the C preprocessor on the script before compilation by perl.
X
X|-s|
X interprets ``|-xxx|'' on the command line as switches and sets the
X corresponding variables |$xxx| in the script.
X
X|-S|
Xuses the |PATH| environment variable to search for the script.
X
X|-u|
Xdumps core after compiling the script.
X
X|-U|
Xallows perl to do unsafe operations.
X
X|-v|
Xprints the version and patchlevel of your perl executable.
X
X|-w|
X prints warnings about possible spelling errors and other error-prone
X constructs in the script.
X\endtable
X
X\beginsection 2. Literals
X
X\outtext
X
XNumeric: |123|, |123.4|, |5E-10|, |0xff| (hex), |0377| (octal).
X
XString: |"abc"|, |'abc'|.
X Variables are interpolated when |"|\dots|"| are used. \hfil\break
X |q/|\dots|/|
X can be used instead of |'|\dots|'|, |qq/|\dots|/| instead of |"|\dots|"|,
X (any delimiter instead of |/|\dots|/|).
X
XArray: |(1,2,3)|. |()| is empty array.
X Also: |($a,$b,@rest) = (1,2,|\dots|);|
X Enums are fine: |(1..4)| is |(1,2,3,4)|. Likewise |('abc'..'ade')|.
X
XFilehandles:
X|<STDIN>|, |<STDOUT>|, |<STDERR>|, |<handle>|, |<$var>|.
X|<>| is the input stream formed by the files specified in |@ARGV|,
Xor |STDIN| if no arguments are supplied.
X
XGlobs:
X|<pattern>| evaluates to all filenames according to the pattern.
XUse |<${var}>| to glob from a variable.
X
XCommands:
X|`command`| evaluates to the output of the command.
X
XHere-Is: |<<identifier| |#| the identifier must follow |<<| immediately
X \hfill\break
X{\it input text} \hfill\break
X|identifier|
X
X\beginsection 3. Variables
X
X\table 1.2in
X
X|$var|
X a simple scalar variable
X
X|$var[28]|
X 29th element of array |@var| (the |[]| are part of it)
X
X|$var{'Feb'}|
X one value from associative array |%var|
X
X|$#var|
X last index of array |@var|
X
X|@var|
X the entire array
X
X|@var[3,4,5]|
X a slice of the array |@var|
X
X|@var{'a','b'}|
X a slice of |%var|; same as |($var{'a'},$var{'b'})|
X
X|%var|
X the entire associative array
X
X|$var{'a',1,|\dots|}|
X emulates a multi-dimensional array
X
X|('a',1,|\dots|)[4]|
X subscripts an array literal
X
X|*name|
X refers to all objects represented by name. \hfil\break
X ``|*name1 = *name2|'' makes |name1| identical to |name2|.
X\endtable
X
X\beginsection 4. Statements
X
X\text
X
XEvery statement is an expression, optionally followed by a modifier, and
Xterminated by a semi-colon.
X
XExecution of expressions can depend on other expressions using one of
Xthe modifiers ``if'', ``unless'', ``while'' or ``until'', e.g.:
X$$\vbox{
X\hbox{<EXPR1> if <EXPR2>;}
X\hbox{<EXPR1> until <EXPR2>;}}$$
X
XAlso, by using one of the logical operators ``\|\|'', ``|&&|''
Xor ``|?:|'', e.g.:
X$$\vbox{
X\hbox{<EXPR1> \|\| <EXPR2>;}
X\hbox{<EXPR1> ? <EXPR2> : <EXPR3>;}}$$
X
XStatements can be combined to form a <BLOCK> when enclosed in |{}|.
X
XCompound statements may be used to control flow (|[]| denote optional
Xparts, \* means: defaults to |$_| if omitted):
X$$\vbox{
X\hbox{if (<EXPR>) <BLOCK> [ [ elsif (<EXPR>) <BLOCK> \dots\ ] else <BLOCK> ]}
X\hbox{unless (<EXPR>) <BLOCK> [ else <BLOCK> ]}
X\hbox{[<LABEL>:] while (<EXPR>) <BLOCK> [ continue <BLOCK> ]}
X\hbox{[<LABEL>:] until (<EXPR>) <BLOCK> [ continue <BLOCK> ]}
X\hbox{[<LABEL>:] for (<EXPR>; <EXPR>; <EXPR>) <BLOCK>}
X\hbox{[<LABEL>:] foreach <VAR>\*\ (<ARRAY>) <BLOCK>}
X\hbox{[<LABEL>:] <BLOCK> [ continue <BLOCK> ]}}$$
X
XSpecial forms are:
X$$\vbox{
X\hbox{do <BLOCK> while <EXPR>;}
X\hbox{do <BLOCK> until <EXPR>;}}$$
Xwhich are guaranteed to perform <BLOCK> once before testing <EXPR>.
X
X\beginsection 5. Flow control
X
X\table 1in
X
Xdo <BLOCK>
XReturns the value of the last command in the sequence of
Xcommands indicated by <BLOCK>.
X
Xdo <SUBROUTINE> (<LIST>)
XExecutes a <SUBROUTINE> declared by a |sub| declaration, and
Xreturns the value of the last expression evaluated in
X<SUBROUTINE>. Also: |&|<SUBROUTINE>.
X
Xdo <EXPR>
XUses the value of <EXPR> as a filename and executes the contents of
Xthe file as a perl script. Errors are returned in |$@|.
X
Xgoto <LABEL>
XContinue execution at the specified label.
X
Xlast [<LABEL>]
XImmediately exits the loop in question. Skips continue block.
X
Xnext [<LABEL>]
XStarts the next iteration of the loop.
X
Xredo [<LABEL>]
XRestarts the loop block without evaluating the conditional again.
X
Xreturn <EXPR>
XReturns from a subroutine with the value specified.
X\endtable
X
X\beginsection 6. Operators
X
X\table 1in
X
X|+| |-| |*| |/|
XAddition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
X
X|%|
XModulo division.
X
X\| |&| |^|
XBitwise or, bitwise and, bitwise exclusive or.
X
X|>>| |<<|
XBitwise shift right, bitwise shift left.
X
X|**|
XExponentiation.
X
X|.|
XConcatenation of two strings.
X
X|x|
XReturns a string consisting of the left operand repeated the
Xnumber of times specified by the right operand.
X
X\medskip\noindent
XAll of the above operators also have an assignment operator, e.g. ``|.=|''.
X\medskip
X
X|++| |--|
XAuto-increment (magical on strings), auto-decrement.
X
X|?:|
XAlternation (if-then-else) operator.
X
X\|\| |&&|
XLogical or, logical and.
X
X|==| |!=|
XNumeric equality, inequality.
X
X|eq| |ne|
XString equality, inequality.
X
X|<| |>|
XNumeric less than, greater than.
X
X|lt| |gt|
XString less than, greater than.
X
X|<=| |>=|
XNumeric less (greater) than or equal to.
X
X|le| |ge|
XString less (greater) than or equal.
X
X|=~| |!~|
XSearch pattern, substitution, or translation (negated).
X
X|..|
XEnumeration, also input line range operator.
X
X|,|
XComma operator.
X\endtable
X
X\beginsection 7. File test operators
X
X\text
X
X%%rjc%% Changed "This unary operator" to "These unary operators"
X%%rjc%% and concomitant grammar changes
X
XThese unary operators take one argument, either a filename or a
Xfilehandle, and test the associated file to see if something is true about
Xit. If the argument is omitted, tests |$_|
X(except for |-t|, which tests |STDIN|).
XIf the special argument |_| (underscore) is passed, uses the info of the
Xpreceding test.
X\medskip
X
X\table 1in
X
X|-r|/|-w|/|-x|/|-o|
XFile is readable/writable/executable/owned by effective uid.
X
X|-R|/|-W|/|-X|/|-O|
XFile is readable/writable/executable/owned by real uid.
X
X|-e|/|-z|/|-s|
XFile exists / has zero/non-zero size.
X
X|-f|/|-d|
XFile is a plain file, a directory.
X
X|-l|/|-S|/|-p|
XFile is a symbolic link, a socket, a named pipe (FIFO).
X
X|-b|/|-c|
XFile is a block/character special file.
X
X|-u|/|-g|/|-k|
XFile has setuid/setgid/sticky bit set.
X
X|-t|
XTests if filehandle (STDIN by default) is opened to a tty.
X
X|-T|/|-B|
XFile is a text/non-text (binary) file. Both |-T| and |-B| return
X<TRUE> on a null file, or a file at EOF when testing a
Xfilehandle.
X
X\text
X\medskip
XAn |*| after the parameter list indicates that this function may be used
Xeither as a function or as a unary operator, without the parentheses.
XThe symbol \*\ after a parameter indicates that this parameter will default
Xto |$_| if omitted.
X
X\beginsection 8. Arithmetic functions
X
X\table1.2in
X
Xatan2($X$,$Y$)
XReturns the arctangent of $X/Y$ in the range $-\pi$ to $\pi$.
X
Xcos(<EXPR>\*)*
XReturns the cosine of <EXPR> (expressed in radians).
X
Xexp(<EXPR>\*)*
XReturns e to the power of <EXPR>.
X
Xint(<EXPR>\*)*
XReturns the integer portion of <EXPR>.
X
Xlog(<EXPR>\*)*
XReturns natural logarithm (base $e$) of <EXPR>.
X
Xrand [(<EXPR>)*]
XReturns a random fractional number between 0 and the value of
X<EXPR>. If <EXPR> is omitted, returns a value between 0 and 1.
X
Xsin(<EXPR>\*)*
XReturns the sine of <EXPR> (expressed in radians).
X
Xsqrt(<EXPR>\*)*
XReturn the square root of <EXPR>.
X
Xsrand[(<EXPR>)*]
XSets the random number seed for the rand operator.
X
Xtime
XReturns the number of seconds since January 1, 1970. Suitable for
Xfeeding to gmtime(\dots) and localtime(\dots).
X\endtable
X
X\beginsection 9. Conversion functions
X
X\table 1.2in
X
Xgmtime(<EXPR>)*
XConverts a time as returned by the time function to a 9-element
Xarray |($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year, $wday, $yday,
X$isdst)| with the time analyzed for the Greenwich timezone. |$mon|
Xhas the range $0\ldots11$ and |$wday| has the range $0\ldots6$.
X
X%%rjc%% \* added
Xhex(<EXPR>\*)*
XReturns the decimal value of <EXPR> interpreted as an hex string.
X
Xlocaltime(<EXPR>)*
XConverts a time as returned by the time function to a 9-element
Xarray with the time analyzed for the local timezone.
X
X%%rjc%% \* added
Xoct(<EXPR>\*)*
XReturns the decimal value of <EXPR> interpreted as an octal string.
XIf <EXPR> starts off with 0x, interprets it as a hex string instead.
X
Xord(<EXPR>\*)*
XReturns the ascii value of the first character of <EXPR>.
X
Xvec(<EXPR>,<OFFSET>,<BITS>)
XTreats <EXPR> as a string of unsigned ints, and yields the bit at
X<OFFSET>. <BITS> must be between 1 and 32. May be used as an
Xlvalue.
X\endtable
X
X\text
X\medskip
XA <LIST> is a (possibly parenthesised) list of expressions, variables or
X<LIST>s. In all circumstances, an array variable or an array slice may be
Xused instead of a <LIST>.
X
X\beginsection 10. Structure conversion
X
X\table 1.2in
X
Xpack(<TEMPLATE>,<LIST>)
XPacks the values into a binary structure using <TEMPLATE>.
X
Xunpack(<TEMPLATE>,<EXPR>)
XUnpacks the structure <EXPR> into an array, using <TEMPLATE>.
X\endtable
X
X\text
X\medskip
X<TEMPLATE> is a sequence of characters as follows:
X
X\table .4in
X|a|/|A|
X Ascii string, null/space padded
X
X|c|/|C|
X Native/unsigned char value
X
X|s|/|S|
X Signed/unsigned short value
X
X|i|/|I|
X Signed/unsigned integer value
X
X|l|/|L|
X Signed/unsigned long value
X
X|n|/|N|
X Short/long in network byte order
X
X|p|
X Pointer to a string
X
X|x|
X Null byte
X\endtable
X\text
X\medskip
XEach character may be followed by a decimal number which will be used
Xas a repeat count. Spaces may be included in the template for readability
Xpurposes.
X
X\beginsection 11. String functions
X
X\table 1.2in
X
Xchop(<LIST>\*)
XChops off the last character on all elements of the list; returns the
Xlast chopped character. The parentheses may be omitted if <LIST> is
Xa single variable.
X
Xcrypt(<PLAINTEXT>,<SALT>)
XEncrypts a string.
X
X%%rjc%%\* added
Xeval(<EXPR>\*)*
X<EXPR> is parsed and executed as if it were a little perl program.
XThe value returned is the value of the last expression evaluated. If
Xthere is a syntax error or runtime error, an undefined string is
Xreturned by eval, and |$@| is set to the error message.
X
Xindex(<STR>,<SUBSTR>)
XReturns the position of <SUBSTR> in <STR>. If the substring is not
Xfound, returns |$[|${}-1$.
X
X%%rjc%% \* added
Xlength(<EXPR>\*)*
XReturns the length in characters of the value of <EXPR>.
X
Xrindex(<STR>,<SUBSTR>)
XReturns the position of the last occurrence of <SUBSTR> in <STR>.
X
Xsubstr(<EXPR>,<OFFSET>,<LEN>)
XExtracts a substring out of <EXPR> and returns it. If <OFFSET> is
Xnegative, counts from the end of the string. May be used as an
Xlvalue.
X\endtable
X
X\beginsection 12. Array and list functions
X
X\table 1.2in
X
Xdelete |$|<ARRAY>$\{$<KEY>$\}$
XDeletes the specified value from the specified associative array.
XReturns the deleted value.
X
Xeach(|%|<ARRAY>)*
XReturns a 2-element array consisting of the key and value for the
Xnext value of an associative array. Entries are returned in an
Xapparently random order. When the array is entirely read, a null
Xarray is returned. The next call to each(\dots) after that will start
Xiterating again.
X
Xgrep(<EXPR>,<LIST>)
XEvaluates <EXPR> for each element of the <LIST>, locally setting |$_| to
Xrefer to the element. Modifying |$_| will modify the corresponding
Xelement from <LIST>. Returns array of elements from <LIST> for
Xwhich <EXPR> returned true.
X
Xjoin(<EXPR>,<LIST>)
XJoins the separate strings of <LIST> into a single string with fields
Xseparated by the value of <EXPR>, and returns the string.
X
Xkeys(|%|<ARRAY>)*
XReturns a normal array consisting of all the keys of the named
Xassociative array.
X
Xpop(|@|<ARRAY>)*
XPops and returns the last value of the array, shortens the array by 1.
X
Xpush(|@|<ARRAY>,<LIST>)
XPushes the values of <LIST> onto the end of <ARRAY>. The length of
X<ARRAY> increases by the length of <LIST>.
X
Xreverse(<LIST>)*
XReturns the <LIST> in reverse order.
X
Xshift[(|@|<ARRAY>)*]
XShifts the first value of the array off and returns it, shortening the
Xarray by 1 and moving everything down. If |@|<ARRAY> is omitted,
Xshifts |@ARGV| in main and |@_| in subroutines.
X
Xsort([<SUBROUTINE>] <LIST>)*
XSorts the <LIST> and returns the sorted array value. If
X<SUBROUTINE> is specified, gives the name of a subroutine that
Xreturns less than zero, zero, or greater than zero, depending on how
Xthe elements of the array, available to the routine as |$a| and |$b|, are
Xto be ordered.
X
Xsplice(|@|<ARRAY>,<OFFSET>[,<LENGTH>[,<LIST>]])
XRemoves the elements of |@|<ARRAY> designated by <OFFSET> and
X<LENGTH>, and replaces them with <LIST> (if specified).
XReturns the elements removed.
X
Xsplit[(/<PATTERN>/[,<EXPR>\*[,<LIMIT>]])]
XSplits a string into an array of strings, and returns it. If <LIMIT> is
Xspecified, splits in no more than that many fields. If <PATTERN> is
Xalso omitted, splits on whitespace (\hbox{|/[ \t\n]+/|}). If not in array
Xcontext: returns number of fields and splits to |@_|.
X
Xunshift(|@|<ARRAY>,<LIST>)
XPrepends list to the front of the array, and returns the number of
Xelements in the new array.
X
Xvalues(|%|<ARRAY>)*
XReturns a normal array consisting of all the values of the named
Xassociative array.
X\endtable
X
X\beginsection 13. File operations
X
X\text
X
XFunctions operating on a list of files return the number of files
Xsuccessfully operated upon.
X\medskip
X
X\table 1.2in
X
Xchmod(<LIST>)*
XChanges the permissions of a list of files. The first element of the
Xlist must be the numerical mode.
X
Xchown(<LIST>)*
XChanges the owner and group of a list of files. The first two
Xelements of the list must be the numerical uid and gid.
X
Xlink(<OLDFILE>,<NEWFILE>)
XCreates a new filename linked to the old filename.
X
Xlstat(<FILE>)
XLike stat, but does not traverse a final symbolic link.
X
Xmkdir(<DIR>,<MODE>)
XCreates a directory with given permissions. Sets |$!| on failure.
X
Xselect(<RBITS>,<WBITS>,<NBITS>,<TIMEOUT>)
XPerforms a select(2) system call with the same parameters.
X
Xreadlink(<EXPR>\*)*
XReturns the value of a symbolic link.
X
Xrename(<OLDNAME>,<NEWNAME>)
XChanges the name of a file.
X
Xrmdir(<FILENAME>\*)*
XDeletes the directory if it is empty. Sets |$!| on failure.
X
Xstat(<FILE>)
XReturns a 13-element array |($dev, $ino, $mode, $nlink, $uid, $gid,
X$rdev, $size, $atime, $mtime, $ctime, $blksize, $blocks)|. <FILE> can
Xbe a filehandle, an expression evaluating to a filename, or |_| to refer
Xto the last file test operation. The parentheses may be omitted if
X<FILE> is a filehandle, a variable, or |_|.
X
Xsymlink(<OLDFILE>,<NEWFILE>)
XCreates a new filename symbolically linked to the old filename.
X
Xunlink(<LIST>)*
XDeletes a list of files.
X
Xutime(<LIST>)*
XChanges the access and modification times on each file of a list of
Xfiles. The first two elements of the list must be the numerical
Xaccess and modification times.
X\endtable
X
X\beginsection 14. Directory reading routines
X
X\table1.2in
X
Xclosedir(<DIRHANDLE>)*
XCloses a directory opened by opendir.
X
Xopendir(<DIRHANDLE>,<DIRNAME>)
XOpens a directory on the handle specified.
X
Xreaddir(<DIRHANDLE>)*
XReturns the next entry (or an array of entries) in the directory.
X
Xrewinddir(<DIRHANDLE>)*
XPositions the directory to the beginning.
X
Xseekdir(<DIRHANDLE>,<POS>)
XSets position for readdir on the directory.
X
Xtelldir(<DIRHANDLE>)*
XReturns the postion in the directory.
X\endtable
X
X\beginsection 15. Input/Output
X
X\text
XIn input/output operations, <FILEHANDLE> may be a filehandle as
Xopened by the ``open'' operator, or a scalar variable which evaluates to
Xthe name of a filehandle to be used.
X\medskip
X
X\table1.2in
X
X%%rjc%% MS-DOS properly capitalized
Xbinmode(<FILEHANDLE>)*
XArranges for the file opened on <FILEHANDLE> to be read in
X``binary'' mode as opposed to ``text'' mode (MS-DOS only).
X
Xclose(<FILEHANDLE>)*
XCloses the file or pipe associated with the file handle.
X
Xdbmclose(|%|<ARRAY>)*
XBreaks the binding between the array and the dbm file.
X
Xdbmopen(|%|<ARRAY>,<DBMNAME>, <MODE>)
XBinds a dbm or ndbm file to the associative array. If the database
Xdoes not exist, it is created with the indicated mode.
X
Xeof(<FILEHANDLE>)
XReturns 1 if the next read will return end of file, or if the file is not
Xopen.
X
Xeof
XReturns the eof status for the last file read.
X
Xeof()
XIndicates eof on the pseudo file formed of the files listed on the
Xcommand line.
X
Xfcntl(<FILEHANDLE>,<FUNCTION>,|$|<VAR>)
XImplements the fcntl(2) function. This function has non-standard
Xreturn values. See the manual for details.
X
Xfileno(<FILEHANDLE>)*
XReturns the file descriptor for a given (open) file.
X
Xflock(<FILEHANDLE>,<OPERATION>)
XCalls flock(2) on the file. <OPERATION> adds from 1 (shared), 2
X(exclusive), 4 (non-blocking) or 8 (unlock).
X
Xgetc[(<FILEHANDLE>)*]
XYields the next character from the file, or |NULL| on |EOF|. If
X<FILEHANDLE> is omitted, reads from |STDIN|.
X
Xioctl(<FILEHANDLE>,<FUNCTION>,|$|<VAR>)
Xperforms ioctl(2) on the file. This function has non-standard return
Xvalues. See the manual for details.
X
Xopen(<FILEHANDLE>[,<FILENAME>])
XOpens a file and associates it with <FILEHANDLE>. If <FILENAME>
Xis omitted, the scalar variable of the same name as the
X<FILEHANDLE> must contain the filename. The filename may be
Xoptionally preceded by ``|>|'', ``|>>|'' or ``|<|'' to select
Xoutput/append/input mode. Default mode is input. Precede with
X``|+|'' to select read/write access. Use ``|&|\dots'' to connect
Xto an already
Xopened filehandle. Pipes to/from commands may be opened with
X``\|\dots'' and ``\dots\|'' . Open returns 1 upon success, undef otherwise,
Xexcept for pipes. The parentheses may be omitted, if only a
X<FILEHANDLE> is specified.
X
Xpipe(<READHANDLE>,<WRITEHANDLE>)
XReturns a pair of connected pipes.
X
Xprint[([<FILEHANDLE>] <LIST>\*)*]
XPrints a string or a comma-separated list of strings. If
X<FILEHANDLE> is omitted, prints by default to standard output (or
SHAR_EOF
echo "End of perlref.tex part 1"
echo "File perlref.tex is continued in part 2"
echo "2" > shar3_seq_.tmp
exit 0
--
Johan Vromans jv@mh.nl via internet backbones
Multihouse Automatisering bv uucp: ..!{uunet,hp4nl}!mh.nl!jv
Doesburgweg 7, 2803 PL Gouda, The Netherlands phone/fax: +31 1820 62944/62500
------------------------ "Arms are made for hugging" -------------------------