dvadura@watdragon.waterloo.edu (Dennis Vadura) (07/27/90)
Posting-number: Volume 14, Issue 22
Submitted-by: dvadura@watdragon.waterloo.edu (Dennis Vadura)
Archive-name: dmake/part12
#!/bin/sh
# this is part 12 of a multipart archive
# do not concatenate these parts, unpack them in order with /bin/sh
# file man/dmake.p continued
#
CurArch=12
if test ! -r s2_seq_.tmp
then echo "Please unpack part 1 first!"
exit 1; fi
( read Scheck
if test "$Scheck" != $CurArch
then echo "Please unpack part $Scheck next!"
exit 1;
else exit 0; fi
) < s2_seq_.tmp || exit 1
echo "x - Continuing file man/dmake.p"
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' >> man/dmake.p
X will be needed to help handle the smaller differences in the
X two environments.
X
X NOTE: Unlike UNIX, MSDOS ddooeess maintain cd requests cross
X single recipe lines. This is not portable, and your
X makefiles will not work the same way if you depend on it.
X Use the .IF ... .ELSE ... .END conditionals to supply dif-
X ferent make scripts as necessary.
X
XFFIILLEESS
X Makefile, makefile, startup.mk (use dmake -V to tell you
X where the startup file is)
X
XSSEEEE AALLSSOO
X sh(1), csh(1), touch(1), f77(1), pc(1), cc(1)
X S.I. Feldman _M_a_k_e _- _A _P_r_o_g_r_a_m _f_o_r _M_a_i_n_t_a_i_n_i_n_g _C_o_m_p_u_t_e_r _P_r_o_-
X _g_r_a_m_s
X
XAAUUTTHHOORR
X Dennis Vadura, CS Dept. University of Waterloo.
X dvadura@watdragon.uwaterloo.ca
X Many thanks to Carl Seger for his helpful suggestions, and
X to Trevor John Thompson for his many excellent ideas and
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 40
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XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X informative bug reports.
X
XBBUUGGSS
X Some system commands return non-zero status inappropriately.
X Use --ii (`-' within the makefile) to overcome the difficulty.
X
X Some systems do not have easily accessible time stamps for
X library members (MSDOS, AMIGA, etc) for these ddmmaakkee uses the
X time stamp of the library instead and prints a warning the
X first time it does so. This is almost always ok, except
X when multiple makefiles update a single library file. In
X these instances it is possible to miss an update if one is
X not careful.
X
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XVersion 3.50 UW 41
SHAR_EOF
echo "File man/dmake.p is complete"
chmod 0640 man/dmake.p || echo "restore of man/dmake.p fails"
echo "x - extracting man/dmake.nc (Text)"
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > man/dmake.nc &&
X
X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
XNAME
X dmake - maintain program groups, or interdependent files
X
XSYNOPSIS
X dmake [-AeEhiknpqersStTuvVx] [-P#] [macro[+][:]=value] [-f
X file] [target ...]
X
XDESCRIPTION
X dmake executes commands found in an external file called a
X makefile to update one or more target names. Each target
X may depend on zero or more prerequisite targets. If any of
X the target's prerequisites is newer than the target or if
X the target itself does not exist, then dmake will attempt to
X make the target.
X
X If no -f command line option is present then dmake searches
X for an existing makefile from the list of prerequisites
X specified for the special target .MAKEFILES (see the STARTUP
X section for more details). If "-" is the name of the file
X specified to the -f flag then dmake uses standard input as
X the source of the makefile text.
X
X Any macro definitions (arguments with embedded "=" signs)
X that appear on the command line are processed first and
X supersede definitions for macros of the same name found
X within the makefile. It is impossible for definitions found
X inside the makefile to redefine any macro defined on the
X command line.
X
X If no target names are specified on the command line, then
X dmake uses the first non-special target found in the
X makefile as the default target. See the SPECIAL TARGETS
X section for the list of special targets and their function.
X dmake is a re-implementation of the UNIX Make utility with
X significant enhancements. Makefiles written for most previ-
X ous versions of make will be handled correctly by dmake.
X Known differences between dmake and other versions of make
X are discussed in the COMPATIBILITY section found at the end
X of this document.
X
XOPTIONS
X -A Enable AUGMAKE special inference rule transformations
X (see the "PERCENT(%) RULES" section), these are set to
X off by default.
X
X -e Read the environment and define all strings of the form
X 'ENV-VAR=evalue' defined within as macros whose name is
X ENV-VAR, and whose value is 'evalue'. The environment
X is processed prior to processing the user specified
X makefile thereby allowing definitions in the makefile
X to override definitions in the environment.
X
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 1
X
X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X -E Same as -e, except that the environment is processed
X after the user specified makefile has been processed
X (thus definitions in the environment override defini-
X tions in the makefile). The -e and -E options are
X mutually exclusive. If both are given the latter one
X takes effect.
X
X -f file
X Use file as the source for the makefile text. Only one
X -f option is allowed.
X
X -h Print the command summary for dmake.
X
X -i Tells dmake to ignore errors, and continue making other
X targets. This is equivalent to the .IGNORE attribute
X or macro.
X
X -k Causes dmake to ignore errors caused by command execu-
X tion and to make all targets not depending on targets
X that could not be made. Ordinarily dmake stops after a
X command returns a non-zero status, specifying -k causes
X dmake to ignore the error and continue to make as much
X as possible.
X
X -n Causes dmake to print out what it would have executed,
X but does not actually execute the commands. A special
X check is made for the string "$(MAKE)" inside a recipe
X line, if found, the line is expanded and invoked,
X thereby enabling recursive makes to give a full
X description of all that they will do. The check for
X "$(MAKE)" is disabled inside group recipes.
X
X -p Print out a version of the digested makefile in human
X readable form. (useful for debugging, but cannot be
X re-read by dmake)
X
X -P# On systems that support multi-processing cause dmake to
X use # concurrent child processes to make targets. See
X the "MULTI PROCESSING" section for more information.
X
X -q Check and see if the target is up to date. Exits with
X code 0 if up to date, 1 otherwise.
X
X -r Tells dmake not to read the initial startup makefile,
X see STARTUP section for more details.
X
X -s Tells dmake to do all its work silently and not echo
X the commands it is executing to stdout (also suppresses
X warnings). This is equivalent to the .SILENT attri-
X bute or macro.
X
X
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 2
X
X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X -S Force sequential execution of recipes on architectures
X which support concurrent makes. For backward compati-
X bility with old makefiles that have nasty side-effect
X prerequisite dependencies.
X
X -t Causes dmake to touch the targets and bring them up to
X date without executing any commands.
X
X -T Tells dmake to not perform transitive closure on the
X inference graph.
X
X -u Force an unconditional update. (ie. do everything that
X would be done if everything that a target depended on
X was out of date)
X
X -v Verbose flag, when making targets print to stdout what
X we are going to make and what we think it's timestamp
X is.
X
X -V Print the version of dmake, and values of builtin mac-
X ros.
X
X -x Upon processing the user makefile export all non-
X internally defined macros to the user's environment.
X This option together with the -e option allows SYSV
X AUGMAKE recursive makes to function as expected.
X
XINDEX
X Here is a list of the sections that follow and a short
X description of each. Perhaps you won't have to read the
X whole man page to find what you need.
X
X STARTUP Describes dmake initialization.
X
X SYNTAX Describes the syntax of makefile expres-
X sions.
X
X ATTRIBUTES Describes the notion of attributes and
X how they are used when making targets.
X
X MACROS Defining and expanding macros.
X
X RULES AND TARGETS How to define targets and their prere-
X quisites.
X
X RECIPES How to tell dmake how to make a target.
X
X TEXT DIVERSIONS How to use text diversions for long argu-
X ment lists in recipes.
X
X SPECIAL TARGETS Some targets are special.
X
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 3
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X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X SPECIAL MACROS Macros used by dmake to alter the pro-
X cessing of the makefile, and those
X defined by dmake for the user.
X
X DYNAMIC PREREQUISITES
X Processing of prerequisites which contain
X macro expansions in their name.
X
X BINDING TARGETS The rules that dmake uses to bind a tar-
X get to an existing file in the file sys-
X tem.
X
X PERCENT(%) RULES Specification of recipes to be used by
X the inference algorithm.
X
X MAKING INFERENCES The rules that dmake uses when inferring
X how to make a target which had no expli-
X cit recipe. This and the previous sec-
X tion are really a single section in the
X text below.
X
X MAKING TARGETS How dmake makes targets other than
X libraries.
X
X MAKING LIBRARIES How dmake makes libraries.
X
X MULTI PROCESSING Discussion of dmake's parallel make
X facilities for architectures that support
X them.
X
X CONDITIONALS Conditional expressions which control the
X processing of the makefile.
X
X EXAMPLES Some hopefully useful examples.
X
X COMPATIBILITY How dmake compares with previous versions
X of make.
X
X LIMITS Limitations of dmake.
X
X PORTABILITY Comments on writing portable makefiles.
X
X FILES Files used by dmake.
X
X SEE ALSO Other related programs, and man pages.
X
X AUTHOR The guy responsible for this thing.
X
X BUGS Hope not.
X
X
X
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 4
X
X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
XSTARTUP
X When dmake begins execution it first processes the command
X line and then it processes an initial startup-makefile.
X This is followed by an attempt to locate and process a user
X supplied makefile. The startup file defines the default
X values of all required control macros and the set of default
X rules for making inferences. When searching for the startup
X makefile, dmake searches the following locations, in order,
X until a startup file is located:
X
X 1. The location given as the value of the macro MAK-
X ESTARTUP defined on the command line.
X
X 2. The location given as the value of the environment
X variable MAKESTARTUP defined in the current
X environment.
X
X 3. The location given as the value of the macro MAK-
X ESTARTUP defined internally within dmake.
X
X The above search is disabled by specifying the -r option on
X the command line. An error is issued if a startup makefile
X cannot be found and the -r option was not specified. A user
X may substitute a custom startup file by defining the MAKES-
X TARTUP environment variable or by redefining the MAKESTARTUP
X macro on the command line. To find out where dmake looks
X for the default startup file, check your environment or
X issue the command "dmake -V" to determine the builtin value
X of MAKESTARTUP.
X
X A similar search is performed to locate a default user
X makefile when no -f command line option is specified. The
X special target .MAKEFILES is internally defined by default.
X This target's prerequisite list specifies the names of files
X and the order that dmake will use to search for them when
X attempting to locate the default makefile. A typical defin-
X ition for this target is:
X
X .MAKEFILES : makefile.mk Makefile makefile
X
X dmake will first look for makefile.mk and then the others.
X If a prerequisite cannot be found dmake will try to make it
X before going on to the next prerequisite. For example,
X makefile.mk can be checked out of an RCS file if the proper
X rules for doing so are defined in the startup file.
X
XSYNTAX
X This section is a summary of the syntax of makefile state-
X ments. The description is given in a style similar to BNF,
X where { } enclose items that may appear zero or more times,
X and [ ] enclose items that are optional. Alternative pro-
X ductions for a left hand side are indicated by '->', and
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 5
X
X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X newlines are significant. All symbols in bold type are text
X or names representing text supplied by the user.
X
X
X
X Makefile -> { Statement }
X
X Statement -> Macro-Definition
X -> Conditional
X -> Rule-Definition
X -> Attribute-Definition
X
X Macro-Definition -> MACRO = LINE
X -> MACRO := LINE
X -> MACRO += LINE
X -> MACRO +:= LINE
X
X Conditional -> .IF expression
X Makefile
X [ .ELSE
X Makefile ]
X .END
X
X expression -> LINE
X -> STRING == LINE
X -> STRING != LINE
X
X
X Rule-Definition -> target-definition
X [ recipe ]
X
X target-definition -> targets [attrs] op { PREREQUISITE } [; rcp-line]
X
X targets -> target { targets }
X -> "target" { targets }
X
X target -> special-target
X -> TARGET
X
X attrs -> attribute { attrs }
X -> "attribute" { attrs }
X
X op -> : { modifier }
X
X modifier -> :
X -> ^
X -> !
X -> -
X
X recipe -> { TAB rcp-line }
X -> [@][-] [
X { LINE }
X
X
X
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X
X
X
X ]
X
X rcp-line -> [@][-] LINE
X
X
X Attribute-Definition -> attrs : targets
X
X
X attribute -> .EPILOG
X -> .IGNORE
X -> .LIBRARY
X -> .NOINFER
X -> .PRECIOUS
X -> .PROLOG
X -> .SETDIR=path
X -> .SILENT
X -> .SEQUENTIAL
X -> .SYMBOL
X -> .UPDATEALL
X
X special-target -> .ERROR
X -> .EXPORT
X -> .GROUPEPILOG
X -> .GROUPPROLOG
X -> .IMPORT
X -> .INCLUDE
X -> .INCLUDEDIRS
X -> .MAKEFILES
X -> .REMOVE
X -> .SOURCE
X -> .SOURCE.suffix
X -> .suffix1.suffix2
X
X
X Where, TAB represents a <tab> character, STRING represents
X an arbitrary sequence of characters, and LINE represents a
X possibly empty sequence of characters terminated by a non-
X escaped (not immediately preceded by a backslash '\') new-
X line character. MACRO, PREREQUISITE, and TARGET each
X represent a string of characters not including space or tab
X which respectively form the name of a macro, prerequisite or
X target. The name may itself be a macro expansion expres-
X sion. A LINE can be continued over several physical lines
X by terminating it with a single backslash character. Com-
X ments are initiated by the pound '#' character and extend to
X the end of line. All comment text is discarded, a '#' may
X be placed into the makefile text by escaping it with '\'
X (ie. \# translates to # when it is parsed). A group of con-
X tinued lines may be commented out by placing a single # at
X the start of the first line of the group. A continued line
X may not span more than one makefile.
X
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 7
X
X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X white space is defined to be any combination of <space>,
X <tab>, and the sequence \<nl> when \<nl> is used to ter-
X minate a LINE. When processing macro definition lines, any
X amount of white space is allowed on either side of the macro
X operator (=, :=, += or +:=), and white space is stripped
X from both before and after the macro value string. The
X sequence \<nl> is treated as white space during recipe
X expansion and is deleted from the final recipe string. You
X must escape the \<nl> with a \ in order to get a \<nl> at
X the end of a recipe line. The \<nl> sequence is always
X deleted from macro values.
X
X When processing target definition lines, the recipe for a
X target must, in general, follow the first definition of the
X target (See the RULES AND TARGETS section for an exception),
X and the recipe may not span across multiple makefiles. Any
X targets and prerequisites found on a target definition line
X are taken to be white space separated tokens. The rule
X operator (op in SYNTAX section) is also considered to be a
X token but does not require white space to precede or follow
X it. Since the rule operator begins with a `:', traditional
X versions of make do not allow the `:' character to form a
X valid target name. dmake allows `:' to be present in
X target/prerequisite names as long as the entire
X target/prerequisite name is quoted. For example:
X
X a:fred : test
X
X would be parsed as TARGET = a, PREREQUISITES are fred, :,
X and test, which is not what was intended. To fix this you
X must write:
X
X "a:fred" : test
X
X Which will be parsed as expected. See the EXAMPLES section
X for how to apply this to a list of targets.
X
XATTRIBUTES
X dmake defines several target attributes. Attributes may be
X assigned to a single target, a group of targets, or to all
X targets in the makefile. Attributes are used to modify
X dmake actions during target update. The recognized attri-
X butes are:
X
X
X .EPILOG Insert shell epilog code when executing a group
X recipe associated with any target having this
X attribute set.
X
X .IGNORE Ignore an error when trying to make any target
X with this attribute set.
X
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 8
X
X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X .LIBRARY Target is a library.
X
X .NOINFER Any target with this attribute set will not be
X subjected to transitive closure if it is
X inferred as a prerequisite of a target whose
X recipe and prerequisites are being inferred.
X (i.e. the inference search will not use any
X prerequisite with this attribute set, as a tar-
X get)
X
X .PRECIOUS Do not remove this target under any cir-
X cumstances. Set by default for any targets
X whose corresponding files exist in the file sys-
X tem prior to the execution of dmake.
X
X .PROLOG Insert shell prolog code when executing a group
X recipe associated with any target having this
X attribute set.
X
X .SEQUENTIAL Force a sequential make of the associated
X target's prerequisites.
X
X .SETDIR Change current working directory to specified
X directory when making associated target. The
X syntax of this attribute is different from the
X others. You must specify the directory at the
X time the attribute is specified. To do this
X simply give .SETDIR=path as the attribute. path
X is expanded and the result is used as the value
X of the directory to change to. If path is sur-
X rounded by single quotes then path is not
X expanded, and is used literally as the directory
X name. If the path contains any `:' characters
X then the entire attribute string must be quoted
X using ". If a target having this attribute set
X also has the .IGNORE attribute set then if the
X change to the specified directory fails it will
X be ignored, and no error message will be issued.
X
X .SILENT Do not echo the recipe lines when making any
X target with this attribute set, and do not issue
X any warnings.
X
X .SYMBOL Target is a library member and is an entry point
X into a module in the library. This attribute is
X used only when searching a library for a target.
X Targets of the form lib((entry)) have this
X attribute set automatically.
X
X .UPDATEALL Indicates that all the targets listed in this
X rule are updated by the execution of the accom-
X panying recipe. A common example is the
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 9
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X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X production of the y.tab.c and y.tab.h files by
X yacc when it is run on a grammar. Specifying
X .UPDATEALL in such a rule prevents the running
X of yacc twice, once for the y.tab.c file and
X once for the y.tab.h file.
X
X
X All attributes are user setable and may be used in one of
X two forms (except .UPDATEALL, use of this attribute in a
X rule of the first form is illegal)
X
X ATTRIBUTE_LIST : targets
X
X assigns the attributes specified by ATTRIBUTE_LIST to each
X target in targets or
X
X targets ATTRIBUTE_LIST : ...
X
X assigns the attributes specified by ATTRIBUTE_LIST to each
X target in targets. In the first form if targets is empty
X (ie. a NULL list), then the list of attributes will apply to
X all targets in the makefile (this is equivalent to the com-
X mon Make construct of ".IGNORE :" but has been modified to
X the notion of an attribute instead of a special target).
X Not all of the attributes have global meaning. In particu-
X lar, .LIBRARY, .SYMBOL, and .UPDATEALL have no assigned glo-
X bal meaning.
X
X Any attribute may be used with any target, even with the
X special targets. Some combinations are useless (e.g.
X .INCLUDE .PRECIOUS: ... ), while others are useful (e.g.
X .INCLUDE .IGNORE : "file.mk" will not complain if file.mk
X cannot be found using the include file search rules, see the
X section on SPECIAL TARGETS for a description of .INCLUDE).
X If a specified attribute will not be used with the special
X target a warning is issued and the attribute is ignored.
X
XMACROS
X dmake supports four types of macro assignment. The first
X and most familiar is the usual assignment:
X
X MACRO = LINE
X
X which causes LINE to be assigned without expansion, as the
X value of MACRO. The second form:
X
X MACRO := LINE
X
X is new and indicates that LINE should be expanded prior to
X being assigned as the value of MACRO. Future expansions of
X MACRO do not have the value expanded since it was expanded
X when the macro was defined. The third form of macro
X
X
X
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X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X assignment allows macro values to grow:
X
X MACRO += LINE
X
X adds the value of LINE to the previous value of MACRO
X separating the two by a single space (LINE is not expanded).
X The final form:
X
X MACRO +:= LINE
X
X is similar to +=, with the difference that the value of LINE
X is expanded before being added to the previous value of
X MACRO.
X
X When dmake defines a non-environment macro it strips leading
X and trailing white space from the macro value. Macros
X imported from the environment via either the .IMPORT special
X target (see the SPECIAL TARGETS section), or the -e, or -E
X flags are an exception to this rule. Their values are
X always taken literally and white space is never stripped.
X In addition, macros defined using the .IMPORT special target
X do not have their values expanded when they are used within
X a makefile. In contrast, environment macros that are
X imported due to the specification of the -e or -E flags are
X subject to expansion when used.
X
X To specify a macro expansion enclose the name in () or {}
X and precede it with a dollar sign $. Thus $(TEST)
X represents an expansion of the macro variable named TEST.
X If TEST is defined then $(TEST) is replaced by its expanded
X value. If TEST is not defined then $(TEST) expands to the
X NULL string (this is equivalent to defining a macro as
X 'TEST=' ). A short form may be used for single character
X named macros. In this case the parentheses are optional,
X and $(I) is equivalent to $I. Macro expansion is recursive,
X hence if the value string contains an expression represent-
X ing a macro expansion, the expansion is performed. Circular
X macro expansions are detected and cause an error to be
X issued.
X
X When defining a macro the given macro name is first expanded
X before being used to define the macro. Thus it is possible
X to define macros whose names depend on values of other mac-
X ros. For example, suppose
X
X CWD = $(PWD:b)
X
X is defined, then the value of $(CWD) is the name of the
X current directory. This can be used to define macros
X specific to this directory, for example:
X
X _$(CWD).prt = list of files to print...
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 11
X
X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X The actual name of the defined macro is a function of the
X current directory. A construct such as this is useful when
X processing a hierarchy of directories using .SETDIR attri-
X buted targets and a collection of small distributed makefile
X stubs.
X
X Macro variables may be defined within the makefile, on the
X command line, or imported from the environment.
X
X dmake supports several non-standard macro expansions: The
X first is of the form:
X
X $(macro_name:modifier_list:modifier_list:...)
X
X where modifier_list is chosen from the set { D or d, F or f,
X B or b, S or s, T or t } and
X
X d - directory portion of all path names
X f - file (including suffix) portion of path names
X b - file (not including suffix) portion of path names
X s - simple pattern substitution
X t - tokenization.
X
X Thus if we have the example:
X
X test = d1/d2/d3/a.out f.out d1/k.out
X
X The following macro expansions produce the values on the
X right of '-->' after expansion.
X
X $(test:d) --> d1/d2/d3/ d1/
X $(test:b) --> a f k
X $(test:f) --> a.out f.out k.out
X ${test:db} --> d1/d2/d3/a f d1/k
X ${test:s/out/in/:f} --> a.in f.in k.in
X $(test:f:t"+") --> a.out+f.out+k.out
X
X If a token ends in a string composed from the value of the
X macro DIRBRKSTR (ie. ends in a directory separator string,
X e.g. '/' in UNIX) and you use the :d modifier then the
X expansion returns the directory name less the final direc-
X tory separator string. Thus successive pairs of :d modif-
X iers each remove a level of directory in the token string.
X
X The tokenization modifier takes all white space separated
X tokens from the macro value and separates them by the quoted
X separator string. The separator string may contain the fol-
X lowing escape codes \a => <bel>, \b => <backspace>, \f =>
X <formfeed>, \n => <nl>, \r => <cr>, \t => <tab>, \v =>
X <vertical tab>, \" => ", and \xxx => <xxx> where xxx is the
X octal representation of a character. Thus the expansion:
X
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 12
X
X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X $(test:f:t"+\n")
X
X gives:
X
X a.out+
X f.out+
X k.out
X
X The second non-standard form of macro expansion allows for
X recursive macros. It is possible to specify a $(macro_name)
X or ${macro_name} expansion where macro_name contains more $(
X ... ) or ${ ... } macro expansions itself.
X
X For example $(CC$(_HOST)$(_COMPILER)) will first expand
X CC$(_HOST)$(_COMPILER) to get a result and use that result
X as the name of the macro to expand. This is useful for
X writing a makefile for more than one target environment. As
X an example consider the following hypothetical case. Suppose
X that _HOST and _COMPILER are imported from the environment
X and are set to represent the host machine type and the host
X compiler respectively.
X
X CFLAGS_VAX_CC = -c -O # _HOST == "_VAX", _COMPILER == "_CC"
X CFLAGS_PC_MSC = -c -ML # _HOST == "_PC", _COMPILER == "_MSC"
X
X # redefine CFLAGS macro as:
X
X CFLAGS := $(CFLAGS$(_HOST)$(_COMPILER))
X
X This causes CFLAGS to take on a value that corresponds to
X the environment in which the make is being invoked.
X
X The final non-standard macro expansion is of the form:
X
X string1{token_list}string2
X
X where string1, string2 and token_list are expanded. After
X expansion, string1 is prepended to each token found in
X token_list and string2 is appended to each resulting token
X from the previous prepend. string1 and string2 are not del-
X imited by white space whereas the tokens in token_list are.
X A null token in the token list is specified using "". Thus
X using another example we have:
X
X test/{f1 f2}.o --> test/f1.o test/f2.o
X test/ {f1 f2}.o --> test/ f1.o f2.o
X test/{f1 f2} .o --> test/f1 test/f2 .o
X test/{ f1 "f2" "" }.o --> test/f1.o test/f2.o
X test/.o
X
X and
X
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 13
X
X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X test/{ d1 d2 }/{ f1 f2 }.o --> test/d1/f1.o
X test/d1/f2.o
X test/d2/f1.o
X test/d2/f2.o
X
X See the SPECIAL MACROS section for a description of the spe-
X cial macros that dmake defines and understands.
X
XRULES AND TARGETS
X A makefile contains a series of entries that specify depen-
X dencies. Such entries are called target/prerequisite or
X rule definitions. Each rule definition is optionally fol-
X lowed by a set of lines that provide a recipe for updating
X any targets defined by the rule. Whenever dmake attempts to
X bring a target up to date and an explicit recipe is provided
X with a rule defining the target, that recipe is used to
X update the target. A rule definition begins with a line
X having the following syntax:
X
X <targets> [<attributes>] <ruleop> [<prerequisites>] [;<recipe>]
X
X targets is a non-empty list of targets. If the target is a
X special target (see SPECIAL TARGETS section below) then it
X must appear alone on the rule line. For example:
X
X .IMPORT .ERROR : ...
X
X is not allowed since both .IMPORT and .ERROR are special
X targets. Special targets are not used in the construction
X of the dependency graph and will not be made.
X
X attributes is a possibly empty list of attributes. Any
X attribute defined in the ATTRIBUTES section above may be
X specified. All attributes will be applied to the list of
X named targets in the rule definition. No other targets will
X be affected.
X
X
X NOTE: As stated earlier, if both the target list and
X prerequisite list are empty but the attributes list
X is not, then the specified attributes affect all
X targets in the makefile.
X
X
X ruleop is a separator which is used to identify the targets
X from the prerequisites. Optionally it also provides a
X facility for modifying the way in which dmake handles the
X making of the associated targets. In its simplest form the
X operator is a single ':', and need not be separated by white
X space from its neighboring tokens. It may additionally be
X followed by any of the modifiers { !, ^, -, : }, where:
X
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 14
X
X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X ! says execute the recipe for the associated targets once
X for each out of date prerequisite. Ordinarily the
X recipe is executed once for all out of date prere-
X quisites at the same time.
X
X ^ says to insert the specified prerequisites, if any,
X before any other prerequisites already associated with
X the specified targets. In general, it is not useful to
X specify ^ with an empty list of prerequisites.
X
X - says to clear the previous list of prerequisites before
X adding the new prerequisites. Thus,
X
X .SUFFIXES :
X .SUFFIXES : .a .b
X
X can be replaced by
X
X .SUFFIXES :- .a .b
X
X however the old form still works as expected. NOTE:
X .SUFFIXES is ignored by dmake it is used here simply as
X an example.
X
X : When the rule operator is not modified by a second ':'
X only one set of rules may be specified for making a
X target. Multiple definitions may be used to add to the
X list of prerequisites that a target depends on. How-
X ever, if a target is multiply defined only one defini-
X tion may specify a recipe for making the target.
X
X When a target's rule operator is modified by a second
X ':' (:: for example) then this definition may not be
X the only definition with a recipe for the target.
X There may be other :: target definition lines that
X specify a different set of prerequisites with a dif-
X ferent recipe for updating the target. Any such target
X is made if any of the definitions find it to be out of
X date with respect to the related prerequisites and uses
X the corresponding recipe to update the target.
X
X In the following simple example, each rule has a `::'
X ruleop. In such an operator we call the first `:' the
X operator, and the second `:' the modifier.
X
X a.o :: a.c b.h
X first recipe for making a.o
X
X a.o :: a.y b.h
X second recipe for making a.o
X
X If a.o is found to be out of date with respect to a.c
X
X
X
XVersion 3.50 UW 15
X
X
X
X
XDMAKE(p) Unsupported Software DMAKE(p)
X
X
X
X then the first recipe is used to make a.o. If it is
X found out of date with respect to a.y then the second
X recipe is used. If a.o is out of date with respect to
X b.h then both recipes are invoked to make a.o. In the
X last case the order of invocation corresponds to the
X order in which the rule definitions appear in the
X makefile.
X
X Targets defined using a single `:' operator with a recipe
X may be redefined again with a new recipe by using a `:'
X operator with a `:' modifier. This is equivalent to a tar-
X get having been initially defined with a rule using a `:'
X modifier. Once a target is defined using a `:' modifier it
X may not be defined again with a recipe using only the `:'
X operator with no `:' modifier. In both cases the use of a
X `:' modifier creates a new list of prerequisites and makes
SHAR_EOF
echo "End of part 12"
echo "File man/dmake.nc is continued in part 13"
echo "13" > s2_seq_.tmp
exit 0