pfalstad@phoenix.princeton.edu (Paul Falstad) (04/24/91)
Submitted-by: Paul Falstad <pfalstad@phoenix.princeton.edu>
Posting-number: Volume 18, Issue 85
Archive-name: zsh2.00/part02
#!/bin/sh
# this is zsh2.00.00.shar.02 (part 2 of zsh2.00.00)
# do not concatenate these parts, unpack them in order with /bin/sh
# file zsh2.00/man/man1/zsh.1 continued
#
if test ! -r _shar_seq_.tmp; then
echo 'Please unpack part 1 first!'
exit 1
fi
(read Scheck
if test "$Scheck" != 2; then
echo Please unpack part "$Scheck" next!
exit 1
else
exit 0
fi
) < _shar_seq_.tmp || exit 1
if test ! -f _shar_wnt_.tmp; then
echo 'x - still skipping zsh2.00/man/man1/zsh.1'
else
echo 'x - continuing file zsh2.00/man/man1/zsh.1'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' >> 'zsh2.00/man/man1/zsh.1' &&
X.PD
X.RE
X.PP
XThus:
X.RS
X.PP
Xls
X.B
X*(%W)
X.RE
X.PP
Xlists all world-writeable device files in the current directory,
Xand
X.RS
X.PP
Xls
X.B /tmp/foo*(u0^@)
X.RE
X.PP
Xlists all root-owned files beginning with the string
X"foo" in /tmp, ignoring symlinks. A "/" at the end of a pattern
Xis equivalent to "(\|/\|)".
X.SH REDIRECTION
XBefore a command is executed, its input and output
Xmay be redirected.
XThe following may appear anywhere in a simple-command
Xor may precede or follow a complex command.
XSubstitution occurs before
X.I word
Xis used except as noted below.
XIf the result of substitution on
X.I word
Xproduces more than one filename,
Xredirection occurs for each
Xseparate filename in turn.
X.TP
X.BI < word
XOpen file
X.I word
Xas standard input.
X.TP
X.BI > word
XOpen file
X.I word
Xas standard output.
XIf the file does not exist then it is created.
XIf the file exists, and the
X.B NOCLOBBER
Xoption is set,
Xthis causes an error;
Xotherwise, it is truncated to zero length.
X.TP
X.BI >! " word"
XSame as
X.BR > ,
Xexcept that the file is truncated to zero length
Xif it exists, even if
X.B NOCLOBBER
Xis set.
X.TP
X.BI >> word
XOpen file
X.I word
Xas standard output.
XIf the file exists then output is appended to it.
XIf the file does not exist, and the
X.B NOCLOBBER
Xoption is set,
Xthis causes an error;
Xotherwise, the file is created.
X.TP
X.BI >>! " word"
XSame as
X.BR >> ,
Xexcept that the file is created if it does not
Xexist, even if
X.B NOCLOBBER
Xis set.
X.TP
X\fB<<\fP [\-]\fIword\fP
XThe shell input is read up to a line that is the same as
X.IR word ,
Xor to an end-of-file.
XNo parameter substitution, command substitution or
Xfilename generation is performed on
X.IR word .
XThe resulting document,
Xcalled a
X.IR here-document ,
Xbecomes
Xthe standard input.
XIf any character of \fIword\fP is quoted with
Xsingle or double quotes (a \e alone is \fInot\fP sufficient),
Xno interpretation
Xis placed upon the characters of the document.
XOtherwise, parameter and command substitution
Xoccurs, \e followed by a newline is removed,
Xand \e must be used to quote the characters
X\e, $, `, and the first character of \fIword\fP.
XIf \- is prepended to \fIword\fP, then all leading
Xtabs are stripped from \fIword\fP and from the document.
X.TP
X.BI <<< word
XOpen a file containing \fIword\fP, after expansion,
Xas standard input.
X.TP
X.BI <& digit
XThe standard input
Xis duplicated from file descriptor
X.I digit
X(see
X.IR dup (2)).
XSimilarly for standard output using
X\fB>&\fIdigit\fP.
X.TP
X.BI >& word
XSame as
X.BI > word
X\fB2>&\fP1.
X.TP
X.BI >>& word
XSame as
X.BI >> word
X\fB2>&\fP1.
X.TP
X.BI <&\-
XClose the standard input.
X.TP
X.BI >&\-
XClose the standard output.
X.TP
X.BI <&p
XThe input from the coprocess is moved to the standard input.
X.TP
X.BI >&p
XThe output to the coprocess is moved to the standard output.
X.PP
XIf one of the above is preceded by a digit, then the file
Xdescriptor referred to is that specified by the digit
X(instead of the default 0 or 1).
XThe order in which redirections are specified is significant.
Xthe shell evaluates each redirection in terms of the
X.RI ( "file descriptor" ", " file )
Xassociation at the time of evaluation.
XFor example:
X.RS
X.PP
X\&.\|.\|. \|1>\fIfname\^\fP 2>&1
X.RE
X.PP
Xfirst associates file descriptor 1 with file
X.IR fname .
XIt then associates file descriptor 2 with the file associated with file
Xdescriptor 1 (that is,
X.IR fname ).
XIf the order of redirections were reversed, file descriptor 2 would be associated
Xwith the terminal (assuming file descriptor 1 had been) and then file descriptor
X1 would be associated with file
X.IR fname .
X.PP
XIf the user tries to open a file descriptor for writing more than once,
Xthe shell opens the file descriptor as a pipe to a process that copies
Xits input to all the specified outputs, similar to tee(1). Thus:
X.RS
X.PP
X.B date >foo >bar
X.RE
X.PP
Xwrites the date to two files, named "foo" and "bar".
XNote that a pipe is an implicit indirection; thus
X.RS
X.PP
X.B date >foo | cat
X.RE
X.PP
Xwrites the date to the file "foo", and also pipes it to cat.
X.PP
XIf the user tries to open a file descriptor for reading more than once,
Xthe shell opens the file descriptor as a pipe to a process that copies
Xall the specified inputs to its output in the order
Xspecified, similar to cat(1). Thus
X.RS
X.PP
X.B sort <foo <fubar
X.RE
X.PP
Xor even
X.RS
X.PP
X.B sort <f{oo,ubar}
X.RE
X.PP
Xis equivalent to "cat foo bar | sort". Note that
Xa pipe is in implicit indirection; thus
X.RS
X.PP
X.B cat bar | sort <foo
X.RE
X.PP
Xis equivalent to "cat bar foo | sort" (note the order of the inputs).
X.PP
XIf a simple command consists of one or more redirection operators
Xand zero or more parameter assignments, but no command name,
Xthe command \fBcat\fP is assumed. Thus
X.RS
X.PP
X.B < file
X.RE
X.PP
Xprints the contents of \fBfile\fP.
X.PP
XIf a command is followed by
X.B &
Xand job control is not active,
Xthen the default standard input
Xfor the command
Xis the empty file
X.BR /dev/null .
XOtherwise, the environment for the execution of a command contains the
Xfile descriptors of the invoking shell as modified by
Xinput/output specifications.
X.SH "COMMAND EXECUTION"
XIf a command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
Xit. If there exists a shell function by that name, the function
Xis invoked as described below in \fBFUNCTIONS\fP. If there exists
Xa shell builtin by that name, the builtin is invoked.
X.PP
XOtherwise, the shell searches each element of \fBpath\fP for a
Xdirectory containing an executable file by that name. If the
Xsearch is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error message and returns
Xa nonzero exit status.
X.PP
XIf execution fails because the file is not in executable format,
Xand the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a shell
Xscript. /bin/sh is spawned to execute it. If the program
Xis a file beginning with \fB#!\fP, the remainder of the first line
Xspecifies an interpreter for the program. The shell will
Xexecute the specified interpreter on operating systems that do
Xnot handle this executable format in the kernel.
X.PP
XWhenever the shell executes an external command, it gives
Xcontrol of the tty to the command. If the command
Xcompletes with a zero return code, the shell does not reset
Xthe tty; otherwise, the tty modes are reset to what they were
Xbefore the command was executed. If a process is suspended,
Xthe shell saves the state of the tty and resets the tty modes;
Xif the process is later restarted, the tty modes are restored
Xto what they were when the process was suspended.
X.SH FUNCTIONS
X.PP
XThe
X.B function
Xreserved word is used to define shell functions.
XShell functions are read in and stored internally.
XAlias names are resolved when the function is read.
XFunctions are executed like commands with the arguments
Xpassed as positional parameters.
X(See
X.I Execution
Xbelow).
X.PP
XFunctions execute in the same process as the caller and
Xshare all files
Xand present working directory with the
Xcaller.
XA trap on
X.B EXIT
Xset inside a function
Xis executed after the function completes in the environment
Xof the caller.
X.PP
XThe builtin
X.B return
Xis used to return
Xfrom function calls.
X.PP
XFunction identifiers
Xcan be listed with the
X.B function
Xbuiltin.
XFunctions can be undefined with the
X.B unfunction
Xbuiltin.
X.PP
XThe following functions, if defined, have special meaning to
Xthe shell:
X.PP
X.PD 0
X.TP
X\fBchpwd\fP
XExecuted whenever the current working directory is changed.
X.TP
X\fBprecmd\fP
XExecuted before each prompt.
X.TP
X\fBperiodic\fP
XIf the parameter
X.B PERIOD
Xis set, this function is executed every
X.B PERIOD
Xseconds, just before a prompt.
X.TP
X\fBTRAPxxx\fP
XIf defined and non-null,
Xthis function will be executed whenever the shell
Xcatches a signal \fBSIGxxx\fP, where \fBxxx\fP is a signal
Xname as specified for the \fBkill\fP builtin (see below).
XIn addition, \fBTRAPERR\fP is executed whenever a command has a non-zero
Xexit status, \fBTRAPDEBUG\fP is executed after each command, and
X\fBTRAPEXIT\fP
Xis executed when the shell exits,
Xor when the current function exits if defined
Xinside a function.
XIf a function of this form is defined and null,
Xthe shell and processes spawned by it will ignore \fBSIGxxx\fP.
X.PD
X.SH JOBS
X.PP
XIf the
X.B MONITOR
Xoption is set,
Xan interactive shell associates a \fIjob\fR with each pipeline.
XIt keeps
Xa table of current jobs, printed by the
X.B jobs
Xcommand, and assigns them small integer numbers.
XWhen a job is started asynchronously with
X.BR & ,
Xthe shell prints a line which looks
Xlike:
X.PP
X.DT
X [1] 1234
X.PP
Xindicating that the job which was started asynchronously was job number
X1 and had one (top-level) process, whose process id was 1234.
X.PP
XIf you are running a job and wish to do something else you may hit the key
X\fB^Z\fR (control-Z) which sends a STOP signal to the current job.
Xthe shell will then normally indicate that the job has been `suspended',
Xand print another prompt.
XYou can then manipulate the state of this job,
Xputting it in the background with the
X.B bg
Xcommand, or run some other
Xcommands and then eventually bring the job back into the foreground with
Xthe foreground command
X.BR fg .
XA \fB^Z\fR takes effect immediately and
Xis like an interrupt in that pending output and unread input are discarded
Xwhen it is typed.
X.PP
XA job being run in the background will suspend if it tries to read
Xfrom the terminal.
XBackground jobs are normally allowed to produce output,
Xbut this can be disabled by giving the command ``stty tostop''.
XIf you set this
Xtty option, then background jobs will suspend when they try to produce
Xoutput like they do when they try to read input.
X.PP
XThere are several ways to refer to jobs in the shell.
XA job can be referred to by the process id of any process of the job
Xor by one of the following:
X.PD 0
X.TP
X.BI % number
XThe job with the given number.
X.TP
X.BI % string
XAny job whose command line begins with
X.IR string .
X.TP
X.BI %? string
XAny job whose command line contains
X.IR string .
X.TP
X.BI %%
XCurrent job.
X.TP
X.BI %+
XEquivalent to
X.BR %% .
X.TP
X.BI %\-
XPrevious job.
X.PD
X.PP
XThe shell learns immediately whenever a process changes state.
XIt normally informs you whenever a job becomes blocked so that
Xno further progress is possible. If
X.B notify
Xis not set, it waits until
Xjust before it prints
Xa prompt before it informs you.
X.PP
XWhen the monitor mode is on, each background job that completes
Xtriggers any trap set for
X.BR CHLD .
X.PP
XWhen you try to leave the shell while jobs are running or suspended, you will
Xbe warned that `You have suspended (running) jobs.'
XYou may use the
X.B jobs
Xcommand to see what they are.
XIf you do this or immediately try to
Xexit again, the shell will not warn you a second time; the suspended
Xjobs will be terminated, and the running jobs will be sent
Xa \fBSIGHUP\fP signal.
XTo avoid having the shell terminate the running jobs, either
Xuse the \fBnohup\fP(1) command or the \fBdisown\fP builtin (see below).
X.SH SIGNALS
XThe INT and QUIT signals for an invoked
Xcommand are ignored if the command is followed by
X.B &
Xand job
X.B monitor
Xoption is not active.
XOtherwise, signals have the values
Xinherited by the shell from its parent
X(but see the \fBTRAPxxx\fP special function above).
X.SH "ZSH LINE EDITOR"
XIf the \fBUSE_ZLE\fP option is set (it is by default)
Xand the shell input is attached to the terminal, the user
Xis allowed to edit command lines.
X.PP
XThere are two display modes. The first, multiline mode, is the default.
XIt only works if the \fBTERM\fP parameter is set to a valid
Xterminal type that can move the cursor up. The second,
Xsingle line mode, is used if \fBTERM\fP is invalid or incapable
Xof moving the cursor up, or if the \fBSINGLE_LINE_ZLE\fP
Xoption is set. This mode is similar to ksh, and uses no
Xtermcap sequences.
X.SS Bindings
XCommand bindings may be set using the \fBbindkey\fP builtin.
XThere are two keymaps\-the main keymap and the alternate keymap.
XThe main keymap is bound to emacs mode by default.
XThe alternate keymap is bound to vi command mode.
XTo bind the main keymap to vi insert mode, use
X\fBbindkey \-v\fP.
X.PP
XThe following is a list of all the key commands
Xand their default bindings in emacs and vi command mode.
X.SS Movement
X.TP
X\fBbackward-char\fP (^B M-[D) (h)
XMove backward one character.
X.TP
X\fBbackward-word\fP (M-B M-b) (b)
XMove to the beginning of the previous word.
X.TP
X\fBbeginning-of-line\fP (^A) (0)
XMove to the beginning of the line. If already at the beginning
Xof the line, move to the beginning of the previous line, if any.
X.TP
X\fBend-of-line\fP (^E) ($)
XMove to the end of the line. If already at the end
Xof the line, move to the end of the next line, if any.
X.TP
X\fBforward-char\fP (^F M-[C) (space l)
XMove forward one character.
X.TP
X\fBforward-word\fP (M-F M-f) (w)
XMove to the beginning of the next word.
XThe editor's idea of a word is specified with the \fBWORDCHARS\fP
Xparameter.
X.TP
X\fBvi-find-next-char\fP (^X^F) (f)
XRead a character from the keyboard, and move to
Xthe next occurrence of it in the line.
X.TP
X\fBvi-find-next-char-skip\fP (unbound) (t)
XRead a character from the keyboard, and move to
Xthe position just before the next occurrence of it in the line.
X.TP
X\fBvi-find-prev-char\fP (unbound) (F)
XRead a character from the keyboard, and move to
Xthe previous occurrence of it in the line.
X.TP
X\fBvi-find-prev-char-skip\fP (unbound) (T)
XRead a character from the keyboard, and move to
Xthe position just after the previous occurrence of it in the line.
X.TP
X\fBvi-first-non-blank\fP (unbound) (^)
XMove to the first non-blank character in the line.
X.TP
X\fBvi-forward-word-end\fP (unbound) (e)
XMove to the end of the next word.
X.TP
X\fBvi-goto-column\fP (M-|) (|)
XMove to the column specified by the numeric argument.
X.TP
X\fBvi-repeat-find\fP (unbound) (;)
XRepeat the last \fBvi-find\fP command.
X.TP
X\fBvi-rev-repeat-find\fP (unbound) (,)
XRepeat the last \fBvi-find\fP command in the opposite direction.
X.SS History
X.TP
X\fBbeginning-of-buffer-or-history\fP (M-<)
XMove to the beginning of the buffer, or if already there,
Xmove to the first event in the history list.
X.TP
X\fBbeginning-of-history\fP
XMove to the first event in the history list.
X.TP
X\fBdown-line-or-history\fP (^N M-[B) (+ j)
XMove down a line in the buffer, or if already at the bottom line,
Xmove to the next event in the history list.
X\fBdown-history\fP (unbound) (^N)
XMove to the next event in the history list.
X.TP
X\fBend-of-buffer-or-history\fP (M->)
XMove to the end of the buffer, or if already there,
Xmove to the last event in the history list.
X.TP
X\fBend-of-history\fP
XMove to the last event in the history list.
X.TP
X\fBvi-fetch-history\fP (unbound) (G)
XFetch the history line specified by the numeric argument.
X.TP
X\fBhistory-incremental-search-backward\fP (^R)
XSearch backward incrementally for a specified string.
XThe string may begin with `^' to anchor the search to the
Xbeginning of the line.
X.TP
X\fBhistory-incremental-search-forward\fP (^S)
XSearch forward incrementally for a specified string.
XThe string may begin with `^' to anchor the search to the
Xbeginning of the line.
X.TP
X\fBhistory-search-backward\fP (M-P M-p)
XSearch backward in the history for a line beginning with the first
Xword in the buffer.
X.TP
X\fBvi-history-search-backward\fP (unbound) (/)
XSearch backward in the history for a specified string.
XThe string may begin with `^' to anchor the search to the
Xbeginning of the line.
X.TP
X\fBhistory-search-forward\fP (M-N M-n)
XSearch forward in the history for a line beginning with the first
Xword in the buffer.
X.TP
X\fBvi-history-search-forward\fP (unbound) (?)
XSearch forward in the history for a specified string.
XThe string may begin with `^' to anchor the search to the
Xbeginning of the line.
X.TP
X\fBinfer-next-history\fP (^X^N)
XSearch in the history list for a line matching the current one and
Xfetch the event following it.
X.TP
X\fBinsert-last-word\fP (M-_)
XInsert the last word from the previous history event at the
Xcursor position.
X.TP
X\fBvi-repeat-search\fP (unbound) (n)
XRepeat the last vi history search.
X.TP
X\fBvi-rev-repeat-search\fP (unbound) (N)
XRepeat the last vi history search, but in reverse.
X.TP
X\fBtoggle-literal-history\fP (M-R M-r)
XToggle between literal and lexical history. The default is
Xlexical history unless the \fBHISTLIT\fP option is set.
X.TP
X\fBup-line-or-history\fP (^P M-[A) (- k)
XMove up a line in the buffer, or if already at the top line,
Xmove to the previous event in the history list.
X.TP
X\fBup-history\fP (unbound) (^P)
XMove to the previous event in the history list.
X.SS Modifying Text
X.TP
X\fBvi-add-eol\fP (unbound) (A)
XMove to the end of the line and enter insert mode.
X.TP
X\fBvi-add-next\fP (unbound) (a)
XMove forward one character and enter insert mode.
X.TP
X\fBbackward-delete-char\fP (^H ^?) (X ^?)
XDelete the character behind the cursor.
X.TP
X\fBbackward-delete-word\fP
XDelete the word behind the cursor.
X.TP
X\fBbackward-kill-line\fP
XKill from the beginning of the line to the cursor position.
X.TP
X\fBbackward-kill-word\fP (^W M-^H M-^?)
XKill the word behind the cursor.
X.TP
X\fBcapitalize-word\fP (M-C M-c)
XCapitalize the current word and move past it.
X.TP
X\fBvi-change\fP (unbound) (c)
XRead a movement command from the keyboard, and kill
Xfrom the cursor position to the endpoint of the movement.
XThen enter insert mode.
XIf the command is \fBvi-change\fP, kill the current line.
X.TP
X\fBvi-change-eol\fP (unbound) (C)
XKill to the end of the line and enter insert mode.
X.TP
X\fBvi-change-whole-line\fP (unbound) (S s)
XKill the current line and enter insert mode.
X.TP
X\fBcopy-region-as-kill\fP (M-W M-w)
XCopy the area from the cursor to the mark to the kill buffer.
X.TP
X\fBcopy-prev-word\fP (M-^_)
XDuplicate the word behind the cursor.
X.TP
X\fBvi-delete\fP (unbound) (d)
XRead a movement command from the keyboard, and kill
Xfrom the cursor position to the endpoint of the movement.
XIf the command is \fBvi-delete\fP, kill the current line.
X.TP
X\fBdelete-char\fP (unbound) (x)
XDelete the character under the cursor.
X.TP
X\fBdelete-word\fP (M-D M-d)
XDelete the current word.
X.TP
X\fBdown-case-word\fP (M-L M-l)
XConvert the current word to all lowercase and move past it.
X.TP
X\fBgosmacs-transpose-chars\fP
XExchange the two characters behind the cursor.
X.TP
X\fBvi-insert\fP (unbound) (i)
XEnter insert mode.
X.TP
X\fBvi-insert-bol\fP (unbound) (I)
XMove to the beginning of the line and enter insert mode.\fP
X.TP
X\fBvi-join\fP (^X^J) (J)
XJoin the current line with the next one.
X.TP
X\fBkill-line\fP (^K) (D)
XKill from the cursor to the end of the line.
X.TP
X\fBkill-region\fP
XKill from the cursor to the mark.
X.TP
X\fBkill-buffer\fP (^X^U) (^U)
XKill the entire buffer.
X.TP
X\fBkill-whole-line\fP (^U) (unbound)
XKill the current line.
X.TP
X\fBvi-match-bracket\fP (^X^B) (%)
XMove to the bracket character (one of {\|}, (\|), or [\|]) that
Xmatches the one under the cursor.
X.TP
X\fBvi-open-line-above\fP (unbound) (O)
XOpen a line above the cursor and enter insert mode.
X.TP
X\fBvi-open-line-below\fP (unbound) (o)
XOpen a line below the cursor and enter insert mode.
X.TP
X\fBvi-oper-swap-case\fP
XRead a movement command from the keyboard, and swap
Xthe case of all characters
Xfrom the cursor position to the endpoint of the movement.
XIf the command is \fBvi-oper-swap-case\fP,
Xswap the case of all characters on the current line.
X.TP
X\fBoverwrite-mode\fP (^X^O)
XToggle between overwrite mode and insert mode.
X.TP
X\fBvi-put-after\fP (unbound) (p)
XInsert the contents of the kill buffer after the cursor.
X.TP
X\fBquoted-insert\fP (^V)
XInsert the next character typed into the buffer literally.
X.TP
X\fBquote-line\fP (M-')
XQuote the current line; that is, put a ' character at the
Xbeginning and the end, and convert all ' characters
Xto '\e''.
X.TP
X\fBquote-region\fP (M-")
XQuote the region from the cursor to the mark.
X.TP
X\fBvi-replace\fP (unbound) (R)
XEnter overwrite mode.
X.TP
X\fBvi-replace-chars\fP (unbound) (r)
XReplace the character under the cursor with a character
Xread from the keyboard.
X.TP
X\fBself-insert\fP (printable characters)
XPut a character in the buffer at the cursor position.
X.TP
X\fBself-insert-unmeta\fP (M-^I M-^J M-^M)
XPut a character in the buffer after stripping the meta bit
Xand converting \fB^M\fP to \fB^J\fP.
X.TP
X\fBvi-swap-case\fP (unbound) (~)
XSwap the case of the character under the cursor and move past it.
X.TP
X\fBtranspose-chars\fP (^T)
XExchange the two characters to the left of the
Xcursor if at end of line, else exchange the
Xcharacter under the cursor with the character
Xto the left.
X.TP
X\fBtranspose-words\fP (M-T M-t)
XExchange the current word with the one before it.
X.TP
X\fBup-case-word\fP (M-U M-u)
XConvert the current word to all caps and move past it.
X.TP
X\fByank\fP (^Y) (P)
XInsert the contents of the kill buffer at the cursor position.
X.TP
X\fByank-pop\fP (M-y) (unbound)
XRemove the text just yanked, rotate the kill\-ring,
Xand yank the new top. Only works following
X\fByank\fP or \fByank-pop\fP.
X.TP
X\fBvi-yank\fP (unbound) (y)
XRead a movement command from the keyboard, and copy the region
Xfrom the cursor position to the endpoint of the movement
Xinto the kill buffer.
XIf the command is \fBvi-yank\fP, copy the current line.
X.TP
X\fBvi-yank-eol\fP (unbound) (Y)
XCopy the region from the cursor position to the end of the line
Xinto the kill buffer.
X.SS Arguments
X.TP
X\fBdigit-argument\fP (M-0..M-9) (0-9)
XStart a new numeric argument, or add to the current one.
X.TP
X\fBuniversal-argument\fP
XMultiply the argument of the next command by 4.
X.SS Completion
X.TP
X\fBcomplete-word\fP (unbound) (\|\e\|)
XAttempt completion on the current word.
X.TP
X\fBdelete-char-or-list\fP (^D)
XDelete the character under the cursor. If the cursor
Xis at the end of the line, list possible completions for the
Xcurrent word.
X.TP
X\fBexpand-or-complete\fP (TAB) (^X)
XAttempt shell expansion on the current word.
XIf that fails,
Xattempt completion.
X.TP
X\fBexpand-history\fP (M-space M-!)
XPerform history expansion on the edit buffer.
X.TP
X\fBexpand-word\fP (^X*)
XAttempt shell expansion on the current word.
X.TP
X\fBlist-choices\fP (M-^D) (^D =)
XList possible completions for the current word.
X.TP
X\fBlist-expand\fP (^Xg ^XG) (^G)
XList the expansion of the current word.
X.TP
X\fBmagic-space\fP
XPerform history expansion and insert a space into the
Xbuffer. This is intended to be bound to space.
X.TP
X\fBreverse-menu-complete\fP
XSee the \fBMENU_COMPLETE\fP option below.
X.SS Miscellaneous
X.TP
X\fBaccept-and-hold\fP (M-A M-a)
XPush the contents of the buffer on the buffer stack
Xand execute it.
X.TP
X\fBaccept-and-infer-next-history\fP
XExecute the contents of the buffer.
XThen search the history list for a line matching the current one
Xand push the event following onto the buffer stack.
X.TP
X\fBaccept-line\fP (^J ^M)
XExecute the contents of the buffer.
X.TP
X\fBaccept-line-and-down-history\fP (^O)
XExecute the current line, and push the next history
Xevent on the the buffer stack.
X.TP
X\fBvi-cmd-mode\fP (^X^V) (^[)
XEnter command mode; that is, use the alternate keymap.
XYes, this is bound by default in emacs mode.
X.TP
X\fBvi-caps-lock-panic\fP (unbound) (H K)
XHang until any lowercase key is pressed.
XThis is for vi users without the mental capacity to keep
Xtrack of their caps lock key (like the author).
X.TP
X\fBclear-screen\fP (^L M-^L)
XClear the screen and redraw the prompt.
X.TP
X\fBexchange-point-and-mark\fP (^X^X)
XExchange the cursor position with the position of the mark.
X.TP
X\fBget-line\fP (M-G M-g)
XPop the top line off the buffer stack and insert it at the
Xcursor position.
X.TP
X\fBmetafy-next\fP (^[)
XTreat the next character typed as if it had the meta bit set.
X.TP
X\fBpush-line\fP (^Q M-Q M-q)
XPush the current buffer onto the buffer stack and clear
Xthe buffer.
XNext time the editor starts up, the buffer will be popped
Xoff the top of the buffer stack and loaded into the editing
Xbuffer.
X.TP
X\fBredisplay\fP (unbound) (^R)
XRedisplays the edit buffer.
X.TP
X\fBrun-help\fP (M-H M-h)
XPush the buffer onto the buffer stack, and execute the
Xcommand "\fBrun-help\fP \fIcmd\fP", where \fIcmd\fP is the current
Xcommand. \fBrun-help\fP is normally aliased to \fBman\fP.
X.TP
X\fBsend-break\fP (^C)
XAbort the parsing of the current line.
X.TP
X\fBset-mark-command\fP (^@)
XSet the mark at the cursor position.
X.TP
X\fBspell-word\fP (M-$ M-S M-s)
XAttempt spelling correction on the current word.
X.TP
X\fBundefined-key\fP
XBeep.
X.TP
X\fBundo\fP (^_ ^X^U) (u)
XIncrementally undo the last text modification.
X.TP
X\fBwhich-command\fP (M-?)
XPush the buffer onto the buffer stack, and execute the
Xcommand "\fBwhich-command\fP \fIcmd\fP", where \fIcmd\fP is the current
Xcommand. \fBwhich-command\fP is normally aliased to \fBwhence\fP.
X.SH HISTORY
XHistory substitution allows you to use words from previous command
Xlines in the command line you are typing. This simplifies spelling
Xcorrections and the repetition of complicated commands or arguments.
XCommand lines are saved in the history list, the size of which
Xis controlled by the
X.B HISTSIZE
Xvariable. The most recent command is retained in any case.
XA history substitution begins with a
X.B !
Xand may occur anywhere on the command line; history
Xsubstitutions do not nest. The
X.B !
Xcan be escaped with
X.B \e
Xto suppress its special meaning.
XSingle or double quotes will \fInot\fP work for this.
X.PP
XInput lines containing history substitutions are echoed on the
Xterminal after being expanded, but before any other
Xsubstitutions take place or the command gets executed.
X.SS Event Designators
X.PP
XAn event designator is a reference to a command-line entry in
Xthe history list.
X.RS
X.PD 0
X.TP
X.B !
XStart a history substitution, except when followed by a blank, newline,
X.BR = ,
Xor
X.BR ( .
X.TP
X.B !!
XRefer to the previous command.
XBy itself, this substitution
Xrepeats the previous command.
X.TP
X.BI ! n
XRefer to command-line
X.IR n .
X.TP
X.BI ! \-n
XRefer to the current command-line minus
X.IR n .
X.TP
X.BI ! str
XRefer to the most recent command starting with
X.IR str .
X.TP
X.BI !? str\fR[\fP ? \fR]\fP
XRefer to the most recent command containing
X.IR str .
X.TP
X.B !#
XRefer to the current command line typed in so far.
X.TP
X.BR !{ .\|.\|. }
XInsulate a history reference from adjacent characters (if necessary).
X.PD
X.RE
X.SS Word Designators
X.PP
XA
X.RB ` : '
Xseparates the event specification from the word designator.
XIt can be omitted if the word designator begins with a
X.BR \*^ ,
X.BR $ ,
X.BR * ,
X.B \-
Xor
X.BR % .
XIf the word is to be selected from the previous command, the second
X.B !
Xcharacter can be omitted from the event specification. For instance,
X.B !!:1
Xand
X.B !:1
Xboth refer to the first word of the previous command, while
X.B !!$
Xand
X.B !$
Xboth refer to the last word in the previous command.
XWord designators include:
X.RS
X.PD 0
X.TP
X.B 0
XThe first input word (command).
X.TP
X.I n
XThe
X.IR n 'th
Xargument.
X.TP
X.B ^
XThe first argument, that is,
X.BR 1 .
X.TP
X.B $
XThe last argument.
X.TP
X.B %
XThe word matched by (the most recent)
X.BI ? s
Xsearch.
X.TP
X.IB x \- y
XA range of words;
X.BI \- y
Xabbreviates
X.BI 0\- y\fR.
X.TP
X.B *
XAll the arguments, or a null value if there is just
Xone word in the event.
X.TP
X.IB x *
XAbbreviates
X.IB x \-$ .
X.TP
X.IB x \-
XLike
X.I x*
Xbut omitting word
X.BR $ .
X.PD
X.RE
X.SS Modifiers
X.PP
XAfter the optional word designator, you can add
Xa sequence of one or more of the following modifiers,
Xeach preceded by a
X.BR : .
XThese modifiers also work on the result
Xof filename and parameter expansion.
X.RS
X.TP
X.B h
XRemove a trailing pathname component, leaving the head.
X.PD 0
X.TP
X.B r
XRemove a trailing suffix of the form
X.RB ` "\&.\fIxxx" ',
Xleaving the basename.
X.TP
X.B e
XRemove all but the suffix.
X.TP
X.BI s/ l / r\fR[\fP / \fR]\fP
XSubstitute
X.I r
Xfor
X.IR l .
X.TP
X.B t
XRemove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
X.TP
X.B &
XRepeat the previous substitution.
X.TP
X.B g
XApply the change to the first occurrence of a match in each word,
Xby prefixing the above (for example,
X.BR g& ).
X.TP
X.B p
XPrint the new command but do not execute it.
X.TP
X.B q
XQuote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
X.TP
X.B x
XLike
X.BR q ,
Xbut break into words at each blank.
X.TP
X.B l
XConvert the words to all lowercase.
X.TP
X.B u
XConvert the words to all uppercase.
X.PD
X.RE
X.PP
XUnless preceded by a
X.BR g ,
Xthe modification is applied only to the
Xfirst string that matches
X.IR l ;
Xan error results if no string matches.
X.PP
XThe left-hand side of substitutions are not regular expressions,
Xbut character strings.
XAny character can be used as the delimiter in place of
X.BR / .
XA backslash quotes the delimiter character.
XThe character
X.BR & ,
Xin the right hand side, is replaced by the text
Xfrom the left-hand-side.
XThe
X.B &
Xcan be quoted with a backslash.
XA null
X.I l
Xuses the previous string either from a
X.I l
Xor from a contextual scan string
X.I s
Xfrom
X.BI !? s\fR.
XYou can omit the rightmost delimiter if a newline
Ximmediately follows
X.IR r ;
Xthe rightmost
X.B ?
Xin a context scan can similarly be omitted.
X.PP
XWithout an event specification, a history reference refers either to the
Xprevious command, or to a previous history reference on the command line
X(if any).
X.PP
XThe character sequence
X.BI ^ foo ^ bar
Xrepeats the last command, replacing the string "foo" with the
Xstring "bar".
X.PP
XIf the shell encounters the character sequence
X\fB!"\fP
Xin the input, the history mechanism is temporarily disabled until
Xthe current list is fully parsed. The
X\fB!"\fP
Xis removed from the input, and any subsequent
X.B !
Xcharacters have no special significance.
X.PP
XA less convenient but more comprehensible
Xform of command history support
Xis provided by the
X.B fc
Xbuiltin (see below).
X.SH "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION"
XAn ability to perform integer arithmetic
Xis provided with the builtin
X.BR let .
XEvaluations are performed using
X.I long
Xarithmetic.
XConstants are of the form
X[\fIbase\fB#\^\fR]\fIn\^\fP
Xwhere
X.I base
Xis a decimal number between two and thirty-six
Xrepresenting the arithmetic base
Xand
X.I n
Xis a number in that base.
XIf
X.I base
Xis omitted
Xthen base 10 is used.
X.PP
XAn arithmetic expression uses nearly the same syntax, precedence, and
Xassociativity of
Xexpressions in C.
XThe following operators are supported (listed in decreasing order
Xof precedence):
X.PP
X.PD 0
X.RS
X.TP
X.B + \- ! \(ap ++ \-\|\-
Xunary plus/minus, logical NOT, complement, {pre,post}{in,de}crement
X.TP
X.B &
Xlogical AND
X.TP
X.B ^
Xlogical XOR
X.TP
X.B |
Xlogical OR
X.TP
X.B * / %
Xmultiplication, division, remainder
X.TP
X.B + \-
Xaddition, subtraction
X.TP
X.B << >>
Xlogical shift left, shift right
X.TP
X.B < > <= >=
Xcomparison
X.TP
X.B == !=
Xequality and inequality
X.TP
X.B &&
Xboolean AND
X.TP
X.B || ^^
Xboolean OR, XOR
X.TP
X.B ? :
Xternary operator
X.TP
X.B
X= += \-= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= &&= ||= ^^=
Xassignment
X.TP
X.B ,
Xcomma operator
X.PD
X.RE
X.PP
XThe operators &&, ||, &&=, and ||= are short-circuiting,
Xand only one of the latter two expressions in a ternary operator
Xis evaluated. Note the precedence of the logical AND, OR,
Xand XOR operators.
X.PP
XNamed parameters can be referenced by name within an arithmetic expression
Xwithout using the parameter substitution syntax.
X.PP
XAn internal integer representation of a named parameter
Xcan be specified with the
X.B integer
Xbuiltin.
XArithmetic evaluation is performed on the value of each
Xassignment to a named parameter declared integer
Xin this manner.
X.PP
XSince many of the arithmetic operators require
Xquoting, an alternative form of the
X.B let
Xcommand is provided.
XFor any command which begins with a
X.BR (( ,
Xall the characters until a matching
X.B ))
Xare treated as a quoted expression.
XMore precisely,
X.BR (( ... ))
Xis equivalent to
X.B let
X\fB"\fP...\fB"\fP.
X.SH "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS"
XA \fIconditional expression\fP is used with the
X.B [[
Xcompound command to test attributes of files and to compare strings.
XEach expression can be constructed from one or more
Xof the following unary or binary expressions:
X.PD 0
X.TP
X\fB\-a\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists.
X.TP
X\fB\-b\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is a block special file.
X.TP
X\fB\-c\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is a character special file.
X.TP
X\fB\-d\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is a directory.
X.TP
X\fB\-f\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is an ordinary file.
X.TP
X\fB\-g\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is has its setgid bit set.
X.TP
X\fB\-k\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is has its sticky bit set.
X.TP
X\fB\-n\fP \fIstring\fP
Xtrue if length of
X.I string
Xis non-zero.
X.TP
X\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\fP
Xtrue if option named
X.I option
Xis on.
X.TP
X\fB\-p\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is a fifo special file or a pipe.
X.TP
X\fB\-r\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is readable by current process.
X.TP
X\fB\-s\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and has size greater than zero.
X.TP
X\fB\-t\fP \fIfd\fP
Xtrue if file descriptor number
X.I fd
Xis open and associated with a terminal device.
X(note: \fIfd\fP is not optional)
X.TP
X\fB\-u\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is has its setuid bit set.
X.TP
X\fB\-w\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is writable by current process.
X.TP
X\fB\-x\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is executable by current process.
XIf
X.I file
Xexists and is a directory, then the current process
Xhas permission to search in the directory.
X.TP
X\fB\-z\fP \fIstring\fP
Xtrue if length of
X.I string
Xis zero.
X.TP
X\fB\-L\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is a symbolic link.
X.TP
X\fB\-O\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is owned by the effective user id of this process.
X.TP
X\fB\-G\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and its group matches the effective group id of this process.
X.TP
X\fB\-S\fP \fIfile\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file
Xexists and is a socket.
X.TP
X\fIfile1\fP \fB\-nt\fP \fIfile2\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file1
Xexists and is newer than
X.IR file2 .
X.TP
X\fIfile1\fP \fB\-ot\fP \fIfile2\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file1
Xexists and is older than
X.IR file2 .
X.TP
X\fIfile1\fP \fB\-ef\fP \fIfile2\fP
Xtrue if
X.I file1
Xand
X.I file2
Xexist and refer to the same file.
X.TP
X\fIstring\fP \fB=\fP \fIpattern\fP
Xtrue if
X.I string
Xmatches
X.IR pattern .
X.TP
X\fIstring\fP \fB!=\fP \fIpattern\fP
Xtrue if
X.I string
Xdoes not match
X.IR pattern .
X.TP
X\fIstring1\fP \fB<\fP \fIstring2\fP
Xtrue if
X.I string1
Xcomes before
X.I string2
Xbased on ASCII value of their characters.
X.TP
X\fIstring1\fP \fB>\fP \fIstring2\fP
Xtrue if
X.I string1
Xcomes after
X.I string2
Xbased on ASCII value of their characters.
X.TP
X\fIexp1\fP \fB\-eq\fP \fIexp2\fP
Xtrue if
X.I exp1
Xis equal to
X.IR exp2.
X.TP
X\fIexp1\fP \fB\-ne\fP \fIexp2\fP
Xtrue if
X.I exp1
Xis not equal to
X.IR exp2.
X.TP
X\fIexp1\fP \fB\-lt\fP \fIexp2\fP
Xtrue if
X.I exp1
Xis less than
X.IR exp2.
X.TP
X\fIexp1\fP \fB\-gt\fP \fIexp2\fP
Xtrue if
X.I exp1
Xis greater than
X.IR exp2.
X.TP
X\fIexp1\fP \fB\-le\fP \fIexp2\fP
Xtrue if
X.I exp1
Xis less than or equal to
X.IR exp2.
X.TP
X\fIexp1\fP \fB\-ge\fP \fIexp2\fP
Xtrue if
X.I exp1
Xis greater than or equal to
X.IR exp2.
X.TP
X\fB(\fP \fIexp\fP \fB)\fP
Xtrue if \fIexp\fP is true.
X.TP
X\fB!\fP \fIexp\fP
Xtrue if \fIexp\fP is false.
X.TP
X\fIexp1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIexp2\fP
Xtrue if \fIexp1\fP and \fIexp2\fP are both true.
X.TP
X\fIexp1\fP \fB||\fP \fIexp2\fP
Xtrue if either \fIexp1\fP or \fIexp2\fP is true.
X.PD
X.PP
XIn each of the above expressions, if
X.I file
Xis of the form
X\fB/dev/fd/\fP\fIn\fR,
Xwhere
X.I n
Xis an integer,
Xthen the test applied to the open file whose
Xdescriptor number is
X.IR n ,
Xeven if the underlying system does not support
Xthe \fB/dev/fd\fP directory.
X.PD
X.SH PARAMETERS
XA parameter has a name, a value, and a number of attributes.
XA name may be any sequence of alphanumeric
Xcharacters and _'s, or the single characters
X*, @, #, ?, \-, $, or !.
XThe value may be either a \fIscalar\fP (a string),
Xan integer, or an array.
XTo assign a scalar or integer value to a parameter,
Xuse the \fBtypeset\fP builtin.
XTo assign an array value, use \fBset \-A\fP \fIname\fP \fIvalue\fP ....
XThe value of a parameter may also be assigned by writing:
X.RS
X.PP
X\fIname\fP=\fIvalue\fP ...
X.RE
X.PP
XIf the integer attribute, \-\fBi\fP, is set for \fIname\fP,
Xthe \fIvalue\fP is subject to arithmetic evaluation.
X.PP
XThe value of an array parameter may be assigned by writing:
X.RS
X.PP
X\fIname\fP=(\fIvalue\fP ...) ...
X.RE
XIndividual elements of an array may be selected using a
Xsubscript. A subscript of the form \fB[\fIexp\fB]\fR
Xselects the single element \fIexp\fP, where \fIexp\fP is
Xan arithmetic expression.
XA subscript of the form \fB[*]\fP evaluates to all
Xelements of an array.
XA subscript of the form \fB[\fIexp1\fP,\fIexp2\fB]\fR
Xselects all elements in the range \fIexp1\fP to \fIexp2\fP,
Xinclusive.
XIf \fIexp2\fP evaluates to \-1, then all elements from
X\fIexp1\fP to the end of the array are extracted.
X.PP
XSubscripting may also be performed on non-array values, in which
Xcase the subscripts specify a substring to be extracted.
XFor example, if \fBFOO\fP is set to \fBfoobar\fP, then
X\fBecho $FOO[2,5]\fP prints \fBooba\fP.
X.SS Positional Parameters
XPositional parameters are set by the shell on invocation,
Xby the \fBset\fP builtin, or by direct assignment.
XThe parameter \fIn\fP, where \fIn\fP is a number,
Xis the \fIn\fPth positional parameter.
XThe parameters \fB*\fP, \fB@\fP, and \fBargc\fP are
Xarrays containing all the positional parameters;
Xthus \fBargc\fP[\fIn\fP], etc. is equivalent to simply \fIn\fP.
X.SS Special Parameters
XThe following parameters are automatically set by the shell:
X.PP
X.RS
X.PD 0
X.TP
X.B !
XThe process id of the last background command invoked.
X.TP
X.B #
XThe number of positional parameters in decimal.
X.TP
X.B ARGC
XSame as \fB#\fP.
X.TP
X.B $
XThe process id of this shell.
X.TP
X.B \-
XFlags supplied to the shell on invocation or by the \fBset\fP
Xor \fBsetopt\fP commands.
X.TP
X.B *
XAn array containing the positional parameters.
X.TP
X.B @
XSame as \fB*\fP.
X.TP
X.B argv
XSame as \fB*\fP.
X.TP
X.B ?
XThe exit value returned by the last command.
X.TP
X.B _
XInitially, the absolute pathname of the shell or script
Xbeing executed as passed in the environment.
XSubsequently, the last argument of the previous command.
X.TP
X.B ERRNO
XThe value of errno as set by the most recently failed system call.
XThis value is system dependent and is intended for debugging
Xpurposes.
X.TP
X.B GID
XThe group id of the shell process.
X.TP
X.B HOST
XThe current hostname.
X.TP
X.B HOSTTYPE
XA string corresponding to the type of the host the shell
Xis running on.
X.TP
X.B LINENO
XThe line number of the current line within the current script
Xbeing executed.
X.TP
X.B OLDPWD
XThe previous working directory.
X.TP
X.B OPTARG
XThe value of the last option argument processed by the \fBgetopts\fP
Xcommand.
X.TP
X.B OPTIND
XThe index of the last option argument processed by the \fBgetopts\fP
Xcommand.
X.TP
X.B PPID
XThe process id of the parent of the shell.
X.TP
X.B PWD
XThe present working directory.
X.TP
X.B RANDOM
XA random integer from 0 to 32767, newly generated each time
Xthis parameter is referenced. The random number generator
Xcan be seeded by assigning a numeric value to \fBRANDOM\fP.
X.TP
X.B SECONDS
XThe number of seconds since shell invocation. If this parameter
Xis assigned a value, then the value returned upon reference
Xwill be the value that was assigned plus the number of seconds
Xsince the assignment.
X.TP
X.B SHLVL
XIncremented by one each time a new shell is started.
X.TP
X.B signals
XAn array containing the names of the signals.
X.TP
X.B TTY
XThe name of the tty associated with the shell, if any.
X.TP
X.B UID
XThe user id of the shell process.
X.TP
X.B USERNAME
X.TP
X.B LOGNAME
XThe username corresponding to the user id of the shell process.
X.TP
X.B VERSION
XThe version number of this \fBzsh\fP.
X.PD
X.RE
X.PP
XThe following parameters are used by the shell:
X.PP
X.RS
X.PD 0
X.TP
X.B BAUD
XThe baud rate of the current connection. Used by the line editor
Xupdate mechanism to compensate for a slow terminal by delaying
Xupdates until necessary. This may be profitably set to a lower value
Xin some circumstances, e.g.
Xfor slow modems dialing into a communications server which is connected
Xto a host via a fast link; in this case, this variable
Xwould be set by default to the speed of the fast link, and not
Xthe modem.
XThis parameter should be set to the baud
Xrate of the slowest part of the link for best performance.
X.TP
X.B cdpath (CDPATH)
XAn array (colon-separated list)
Xof directories specifying the search path for the \fBcd\fP command.
X.TP
X.B COLUMNS
XThe number of columns for this terminal session.
XUsed for printing select lists and for the line editor.
X.TP
X.B DIRSTACKSIZE
XThe maximum size of the directory stack. If the
Xstack gets larger than this, it will be truncated automatically.
XThis is useful with the \fBAUTO_PUSHD\fP option.
X.TP
X.B fignore (FIGNORE)
XAn array (colon separated list)
Xcontaining the suffixes of files to be ignored
Xduring filename completion.
X.TP
X.B fpath (FPATH)
XAn array (colon separated list)
Xof directories specifying the search path for
Xfunction definitions. This path is searched when a function
Xwith the \-\fBu\fP attribute is referenced. If an executable
Xfile is found, then it is read and executed in the current environment.
X.TP
X.B HISTCHARS
XThree characters used by the shell's history and lexical analysis
Xmechanism. The first character signals the start of a history
Xsubstitution (default `!'). The second character signals the
Xstart of a quick history substitution (default `^'). The third
Xcharacter is the comment character (default `#').
X.TP
X.B HISTFILE
XThe file to save the history in when an interactive shell exits.
XIf unset, the history is not saved.
X.TP
X.B HISTSIZE
XThe maximum size of the history list.
X.TP
X.B HOME
XThe default argument for the \fBcd\fP command.
X.TP
X.B IFS
XInternal field separators, normally space, tab, and newline, that
Xare used to separate command words, words which result from
Xcommand or parameter substitution, and words read by
Xthe \fBread\fP builtin.
X.TP
X.B LINES
XThe number of lines for this terminal session.
XUsed for printing select lists and for the line editor.
X.TP
X.B LISTMAX
XIn the line editor,
Xthe number of filenames to list without asking first.
X.TP
X.B LITHISTSIZE
XThe maximum size of the literal history list (before history expansion).
X.TP
X.B LOGCHECK
XThe interval in seconds between checks for login/logout activity
Xusing the \fBwatch\fP parameter.
X.TP
X.B MAIL
XIf this parameter is set and \fBmailpath\fP is not set,
Xthe shell looks for mail in the specified file.
X.TP
X.B MAILCHECK
XThe interval in seconds between checks for new mail.
X.TP
X.B mailpath (MAILPATH)
XAn array (colon-separated list)
Xof filenames to check for new mail. Each filename can
Xbe followed by a ? and a message that will be printed.
XThe sequence $_ in the message will be replaced by the name
Xof the mail file.
XThe default message is "You have new mail."
X.TP
X.B path (PATH)
XAn array (colon-separated list)
Xof directories to search for commands.
XWhen this parameter is set, each directory is scanned
Xand all files found are put in a hash table.
XIf a component of \fBpath\fP begins with the string "\fB/.\fP",
Xe.g. "\fB/./usr/etc\fP", then that directory is not prescanned.
XThis is useful for directories like /usr/etc which contain
Xonly occasionally-used commands.
X.TP
X.B PROMPT
XThe primary prompt string, printed before a command is read;
Xthe default is "%M%# ".
XThe following escape sequences are recognized:
X.PD
X.PP
X.PD 0
X.RS
X.TP
X.B %d %/
XPresent working directory ($PWD).
X.TP
X.B %~
X$PWD.
XIf it has a named directory as its prefix, that part is replaced
Xby a ~ followed by the name of the directory.
XIf it starts with $HOME, that part is
Xreplaced by a ~.
X.TP
X.B %c %.
XTrailing component of $PWD.
X.TP
X.B ! %h %!
XCurrent history event number
X.TP
X.B %M
XThe full machine hostname.
X.TP
X.B %m
XThe hostname up to the first '.'.
X.TP
X.B %S (%s)
XStart (stop) standout mode.
X.TP
X.B %U (%u)
XStart (stop) underline mode.
X.TP
X.B %B (%b)
XStart (stop) boldface mode.
X.TP
X.B %t
X.TP
X.B %@
XCurrent time of day, in 12-hour, am/pm format.
X.TP
X.B %T
XCurrent time of day, in 24-hour format.
X.TP
X.B %*
XCurrent time of day in 24-hour format, with seconds.
X.TP
X.B %n
X\fB$USERNAME\fP.
X.TP
X.B %w
XThe date in day\-dd format.
X.TP
X.B %W
XThe date in mm/dd/yy format.
X.TP
X.B %D
XThe date in yy\-mm\-dd format.
X.TP
X.B %l
XThe line (tty) the user is logged in on.
X.TP
X.B %?
XThe return code of the last command executed just before the prompt.
X.TP
X.B %#
XA '#' if the shell is running as root, a '%' if not.
X.RE
X.PD
X.PP
X.PD 0
X.TP
X.B PROMPT2
XThe secondary prompt, printed when the shell needs more information
Xto complete a command.
XRecognizes the same escape sequences as \fB$PROMPT\fP.
XThe default is "> ".
X.TP
X.B PROMPT3
XSelection prompt used within a \fBselect\fP loop.
XRecognizes the same escape sequences as \fB$PROMPT\fP.
XThe default is "?# ".
X.TP
X.B PROMPT4
XThe execution trace prompt. Default is "+ ".
X.TP
X.B PS1
X.TP
X.B PS2
X.TP
X.B PS3
X.TP
X.B PS4
XSame as \fBPROMPT\fP, \fBPROMPT2\fP, \fBPROMPT3\fP, and \fBPROMPT4\fP,
Xrespectively.
X.TP
X.B RPROMPT
X.TP
X.B RPS1
XThis prompt is displayed on the right-hand side of the screen
Xwhen the primary prompt is being displayed on the left.
XThis does not work if the \fBSINGLELINEZLE\fP option is set.
XRecognizes the same escape sequences as \fBPROMPT\fP,
Xexcept that termcap sequences like \fB%s\fP, etc. will not work.
X.TP
X.B SAVEHIST
XThe maximum number of history events to save in the history file.
X.TP
X.B TIMEFMT
XThe format of process time reports with the \fBtime\fP keyword.
XThe default is "%E real %U user %S system %P".
XRecognizes the following escape sequences:
X.PD
X.PP
X.PD 0
X.RS
X.TP
X.B %U
XCPU seconds spent in user mode.
X.TP
X.B %S
XCPU seconds spent in kernel mode.
X.TP
X.B %E
XElapsed time in seconds.
X.TP
X.B %P
XThe CPU percentage, computed as (%U+%S)/%E.
X.TP
X.B %W
XNumber of times the process was swapped.
X.TP
X.B %X
XThe average amount in (shared) text space used in Kbytes.
X.TP
X.B %D
XThe average amount in (unshared) data/stack space used in Kbytes.
X.TP
X.B %K
XThe total space used (%X+%D) in Kbytes.
X.TP
X.B %M
XThe maximum memory the process had in use at any time in Kbytes.
X.TP
X.B %F
XThe number of major page faults (page needed to be brought from disk).
X.TP
X.B %R
XThe number of minor page faults.
X.TP
X.B %I
XThe number of input operations.
X.TP
X.B %O
XThe number of output operations.
X.TP
X.B %r
XThe number of socket messages received.
X.TP
X.B %s
XThe number of socket messages sent.
X.TP
X.B %k
XThe number of signals received.
X.TP
X.B %w
XNumber of voluntary context switches (waits).
X.TP
X.B %c
XNumber of involuntary context switches.
X.RE
X.PD
X.PP
X.PD 0
X.TP
X.B TMOUT
XIf this parameter is nonzero, the shell will terminate if a command is not
Xentered within the specified number of seconds after issuing
Xa prompt.
X.TP
X.B watch (WATCH)
XAn array (colon-separated list) of login/logout events to report.
XIf it contains the single word "all", then all login/logout events
Xare reported.
XAn entry in this list may consist of a username,
Xan `@' followed by a remote hostname,
Xand a `%' followed by a line (tty).
XAny or all of these components may be present in an entry;
Xif a login/logout event matches all of them,
Xit is reported.
X.TP
X.B WATCHFMT
XThe format of login/logout reports if the \fBwatch\fP parameter is set.
XDefault is "%n has %a %l from %m."
XRecognizes the following escape sequences:
X.PD
X.PP
X.PD 0
X.RS
X.TP
X.B %n
XThe name of the user that logged in/out.
X.TP
X.B %a
XThe observed action, i.e. "logged on" or "logged off".
X.TP
X.B %l
XThe line (tty) the user is logged in on.
X.TP
X.B %M
XThe full hostname of the remote host.
X.TP
X.B %m
XThe hostname up to the first ".". If only the
Xip address is available or the utmp field contains
Xthe name of an X-windows display, the whole name is printed.
X.TP
X.B %S (%s)
XStart (stop) standout mode.
X.TP
X.B %U (%u)
XStart (stop) underline mode.
X.TP
X.B %B (%b)
XStart (stop) boldface mode.
X.TP
X.B %t
X.TP
X.B %@
XThe time, in 12-hour, am/pm format.
X.TP
X.B %T
XThe time, in 24-hour format.
X.TP
X.B %w
XThe date in day\-dd format.
X.TP
X.B %W
XThe date in mm/dd/yy format.
X.TP
X.B %D
XThe date in yy\-mm\-dd format.
X.RE
X.PD
X.PP
X.PD 0
X.TP
X.B WORDCHARS
XA list of nonalphanumeric characters considered part of a word
Xby the line editor. The default is "*?_\-.[]~=/".
X.PD
X.RE
X.PP
X.SH OPTIONS
XThe following options may be set upon invocation of the shell,
Xor with the \fBset\fP or \fBsetopt\fP builtins:
X.RS
X.PD 0
X.TP
X\-\fBa\fP (\fBALLEXPORT\fP)
XAll parameters subsequently defined are automatically exported.
X.TP
X\-\fBe\fP (\fBERREXIT\fP)
XIf a command has a non-zero exit status, execute the \fBERR\fP
Xtrap, if set, and exit.
X.TP
X\-\fBf\fP (\fBNO_RCS\fP)
XDo not source the .zshrc, .zlogin, or .zlogout files.
X.TP
X\-\fBg\fP (\fBHIST_IGNORE_SPACE\fP)
XDo not enter command lines into the history list
Xif they begin with a blank.
X.TP
X\-\fBh\fP (\fBHIST_IGNORE_DUPS\fP)
SHAR_EOF
true || echo 'restore of zsh2.00/man/man1/zsh.1 failed'
fi
echo 'End of zsh2.00.00 part 2'
echo 'File zsh2.00/man/man1/zsh.1 is continued in part 3'
echo 3 > _shar_seq_.tmp
exit 0
--
Paul Falstad pfalstad@phoenix.princeton.edu
And on the roads, too, vicious gangs of KEEP LEFT signs!
If Princeton knew my opinions, they'd have expelled me long ago.
exit 0 # Just in case...
--
Kent Landfield INTERNET: kent@sparky.IMD.Sterling.COM
Sterling Software, IMD UUCP: uunet!sparky!kent
Phone: (402) 291-8300 FAX: (402) 291-4362
Please send comp.sources.misc-related mail to kent@uunet.uu.net.