Info-Mac-Request@SUMEX-AIM.STANFORD.EDU (The Moderators) (10/13/89)
Info-Mac Digest Fri, 13 Oct 89 Volume 7 : Issue 179
Today's Topics:
AppleShare AND TEACHTEXT
Danish Apple customers: Usability is the reason we buy Macs
Floating windoids
Graphic Load Averager
I just pass 'em along; that doesn't mean I BELIEVE them :-)
Info-Mac Digest V7 #176
Macintosh One-Liners
MPW scripts to split/join files
PlaySound
Printing on LN03R attached to DS200
ResEdit Help Stack
United 1.01
Virtual Memory
Why no 1024x768 32-bit video cards?
WindowShade
Your Info-Mac Moderators are Bill Lipa, Lance Nakata, and Jon Pugh.
The Info-Mac archives are available (by using FTP, account anonymous,
any password) in the info-mac directory on sumex-aim.stanford.edu
[36.44.0.6]. Help files are in /info-mac/help. Indicies are in
/info-mac/help/recent-files.txt and /info-mac/help/all-files.txt.
Please send articles and binaries to info-mac@sumex-aim.stanford.edu.
Send administrative mail to info-mac-request@sumex-aim.stanford.edu.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Sun, 8 Oct 89 17:02 CDT
From: "Sandro Corsi, Univ.of WI-Oshkosh" <CORSI@oshkosh.wisc.edu>
Subject: AppleShare AND TEACHTEXT
Alex Zavatone <ACSAZ@SEMASSU> asks:
> Also, Teach text files are usually read only. Does any one of you
> Mac-Scholars out there know how to create a teach text file and make it
> Read only?
I don't know about the Mac-Scholars bit... I don't really seem to fit the
bill
... at any rate, plain TeachText files turn into read-only, newspaper-
icon, read.me update files when you change their file type from 'TEXT' to
'ttro' (all lowercase).
There's a number of utilities that let you mess around with file types -- I
have a couple in my Apple menu: 'miniDOS' (really old and limited, but small
and straightforward -- my favourite) and 'File Tools' (more elaborate and
-- I believe -- available from the archives).
I bet there's some command/option combination that lets you do the deed
directly in TeachText -- but I never bothered to check, and Apple didn't
see it fit to document such an "advanced" feature.
Sandro Corsi // Dept. of Art // Univ.of Wisconsin-Oshkosh // Osh.,WI 54901
<corsi@oshkoshw> // <corsi@oshkosh.wisc.edu>
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 09 Oct 89 11:40:15 DNT
From: Jakob Nielsen Tech Univ of Denmark <DATJN%NEUVM1.BITNET@forsythe.stanford.edu>
Subject: Danish Apple customers: Usability is the reason we buy Macs
Apple Denmark just released the results of their most recent customer survey:
98% of Danish Mac owners will recommend other people to buy a Macintosh
When asked why they themselves chose to buy a Mac, the reasons given were:
52% it is a user friendly computer
27% it has many graphical features
13% the applications available for the Mac
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 9 Oct 89 01:10 EDT
From: JACKSON@mecan1.maine.edu
Subject: Floating windoids
Could someone out there point me toward a description
of how to achieve floating windoids. I use Lightspeed Pascal for
most of my development. Thanks in advance.
Jeffrey Jackson
NCGIA
Department of Surveying Engineering
University of Maine
Orono, ME 04469
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 28 Sep 89 09:58:15 PDT
From: PUGH@ccc.nmfecc.gov
Subject: Graphic Load Averager
Here is a small graphic load monitor that displays a graph of your current
system usage under MultiFinder. It is full of configuration options to suit
it to your particular usage and works in color. It only takes 22K of memory
too.
Jon
[Archived as /info-mac/app/graphic-load-averager.hqx; 20K]
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 28 Sep 89 08:47:49 EST
From: Murph Sewall <SEWALL%UCONNVM.BITNET@forsythe.stanford.edu>
Subject: I just pass 'em along; that doesn't mean I BELIEVE them :-)
VAPORWARE
Murphy Sewall
From the October 1989 APPLE PULP
H.U.G.E. Apple Club (E. Hartford) News Letter
$15/year
P.O. Box 18027
East Hartford, CT 06118
Call the "Bit Bucket" (203) 569-8739
Permission granted to copy with the above citation
Virus Alert!
Is it Columbus Day (October 12) yet? Are you using an
MS-DOS computer? According to Tom Patterson, a security
specialist at Centel Federal Systems of Reston, Virginia, a
self-propagating, network-transferable virus (possibly two
viruses) is may erase track 0 of thousands of hard disks
when the system clock says it's October 12. The virus
reportedly originated with a group of European hackers in
August and spreads by adding either 1,168 or 1,280 bytes of
code to .COM files (except for COMMAND.COM or any other .COM
file with a 'D' as the seventh character). Information
about the Columbus Day Virus, also known as DataCrime 89, or
the Icelandic Virus, is available from Centel Federal
Systems (800) 843-4850
- InfoWorld 11 September and PC Week 11 September
Gigabit Network.
Although BITNET, which links colleges and universities in
the US, Canada, and Europe, may continue to plod along at
9,600 baud, the Office of Science and Technology has
proposed that Congress authorize a 1-gigabit (100 megabaud)
network to become fully operational in 1996. The Office is
asking $1.9 billion over five years for the Federal High
Performance Computing Program which includes plans for
faster supercomputers and better software as well as about
$390 million for the National Research and Education
Network. Although the network will be developed for
research purposes, plans call for it to be open to
commercial applications by the turn of the century.
- InfoWorld 11 September
The NeXT Step.
Even though its first machine's operating system is barely
finished, NeXT is on the verge of introducing a new computer
built around the Motorola 68040. The NeXT-40 will be four
times faster than the 68030 machine and will permit the
instruction cache and data cache to be accessed
simultaneously. NeXT is ready to announce now, but Motorola
is insisting that the press conference be delayed until the
68040 is actually being shipped. Volume production is
slated for the first quarter of 1990.
- PC Week 4 and 11 September
Faster Mac II's.
Siclone Sales and Engineering recently introduced a 33 MHz
accelerator for the Macintosh IIcx which plugs directly into
the 68030 socket. A 50 MHz version will be coming soon.
- InfoWorld 11 September
Atari ST Laptop.
This month Atari is expected to announce an Atari-ST
compatible laptop computer (code-named "STacey") for $1,500
($2,000 for a model with a 20 Mbyte hard disk). The CPU
will be an 8Mhz Motorola 68000. An optional cartridge will
permit the STacey to run Macintosh software (if you can get
the ROM chips). - Random Access 9 September
The Littlest IBM.
IBM Japan has developed a six pound "notebook" sized AT
clone computer built around the 80286 CPU. It will run for
two hours on its rechargeable battery and could be
introduced in the U.S. by year's end. IBM also plans to
offer a battery powered 80386 Laptop PS/2 next year.
- InfoWorld 28 August and Random Access 9 September
Unobtainable RT-3s.
Although IBM is scheduled to announce its line of
microchannel based RISC machines (see last month's column)
this month, they won't be ready to ship until 1990 due to
lingering bugs in the NextStep user interface. Rumor has it
that the "spokesperson" for the new line will be cartoon
character Hagar the Horrible (No, No! You fools, first you
pillage, THEN you burn!). - PC Week 28 August
[Late breaking (post publication deadline) news: the
Oct 16 press conference for the RT has been postponed.
There remains a possibility that the announcement will be
made before the end of this year, but more likely 1990.]
DEC Age of Aquarius.
Digital Equipment Corp. will be only a month behind IBM (see
above) in announcing a new line of RISC-based machines. The
DEC System 9000 series, code-named Aquarius, will be
announced in November for shipment next May.
- PC Week 4 September
Should You Wait to Buy the Even Better Future Model?
Remember the ambitious "game plan of migration" for IBM PS/2
line described by former entry systems president William
Lowe in February 1988 (see the March '88 Vaporware column)?
The current "scorecard" for products promised by the end of
1989 is four of 11. Lowe left IBM for Xerox, and current
IBM executives "...have to claim ignorance" about Lowe's
unfulfilled prophecies. - InfoWorld 28 August
The '286 is Dead, Long Live the 586.
According to Microsoft chairman Bill Gates, Microsoft will
no longer be supporting 80286 architecture two years from
now. He expects the i586 (see August's column) to begin
appearing in commercial machines in early 1991. Intel's
senior vice president, David House, told Unix developers
last August that the i686 containing 22 million transistors
will appear in late 1995 or early '96. By the turn of the
century Intel expects to deliver the 100 million transistor
i786 running at 250 Mhz while occupying only 1 square inch.
- InfoWorld 28 August and 4 September
Applescript.
Apple will release a Hypertalk-based user scripting language
for controlling both applications and system functions
"shortly after" the early 1990 release of Macintosh System
7.0. The language will require System 7.0 and will contain
statements for executing standard Mac commands as well as
commands that are specific to particular applications.
Apple is considering supplying an "engine" which will
compile and execute scripts upon request by compliant
applications. - InfoWorld 21 August
A More Perfect Version.
Word Perfect version 5.1 is expected to ship later this
year. The new version adds table support and links to
spreadsheets along with pull-down windows and a large number
of minor enhancements. However, Word Perfect 2.0 for the
Macintosh won't make it until sometime next year. Look for
a new drawing, charting, and presentation graphics package
called, you guessed it, Draw Perfect at Comdex in November.
- InfoWorld 21 August and 11 September
and MacWeek 12 September
Word 5.0 for Xenix.
Microsoft Word 5.0 for the Xenix (a variant of Unix)
operating system is in beta test and expected to ship by the
end of the year. Xenix versions of Microsoft Works and
Excel also will be forthcoming, but schedules have not been
set. Excel spreadsheet information will be transparently
portable across local area networks between the DOS, OS/2,
and Unix versions of the program. - InfoWorld 4 September
Is There a Market for OS/2 Applications?
Informix Software has finished developing an OS/2
Presentation Manager version of its popular Macintosh
spreadsheet - Wingz but has shelved plans to offer it until
a viable OS/2 market develops. OS/2 is in the process of
undergoing an apparently endless series of improvements and
enhancements (referred to by one industry pundit as
"dribbleware") that is keeping the operating system in
"eternal beta." - InfoWorld 28 August
Borland Does Windows.
After proclaiming that they would not develop applications
for Microsoft Windows, company officials recently announced
that they would begin developing languages and programming
tools for Windows as well as MS-DOS and OS/2. Borland also
announced plans to ship a version of the C++ programming
language. - InfoWorld 11 September
Lotus Suit Slows Intro of VP-Expert for the Mac.
Officials of Paperback Software blame the cost and
distraction of defending themselves against Lotus's "look
and feel" suit for the delay in releasing their VP-Expert
application for the Macintosh. The company now hopes for a
first quarter release. When it is completed, VP-Expert/Mac
will allow nonprogrammers to create expert systems using
"if/then" rules, while more sophisticated users can use a
Pascal-like object oriented language. - InfoWorld 28 August
Ashton-Tate Rhymes with Late.
FullWrite 2.0 isn't even ready for beta testing yet, so
there's little chance of meeting the projected year-end
release. Executives are debating whether to develop an
interim improvement for the less than successful dBase
Macintosh or await a dBase IV Macintosh which might not get
finished by the end of next year. A-T president and
chairman, Ed Esber, has indicated that when dBase IV/Mac is
released it will be compatible with DOS and OS/2 versions
but not with the existing Macintosh version.
- InfoWorld 21 August and MacWeek 12 September
___________________________________________________________
(cccc) / \
( 0 0 ) | (Prof) Murph Sewall <Sewall@UConnVM.BITNET> |
(| > |) ___/ Marketing Department <Sewall%UConnVM.BITNET@CUNYVM.CUNY.Edu>|
( \__/ ) <___ School of Business ...psuvax1!uconnvm.bitnet!sewall |
(____) \_ U. of Connecticut *standard disclaimer applies* /
\__________________________________________________________/
(This .sig "borrowed" from Johnson Earls <Jearls@Polyslo.CalPoly.Edu> Thanx!)
"Studies show 80 percent of all Americans know about home computers. That's
higher than the percentage of Americans who know about sex."
------------------------------
Date: Sun, 8 Oct 89 11:55 EDT
From: "and remember I'm not only the Hair Club president, I'm also a client."
Subject: Info-Mac Digest V7 #176
ACSAZ@SEMASSU, 8-OCT-1989
Re: Changing an application to multi-launching.
I believe that this can be done by using Resedit to do a get info on the
desired file, and check the shared box. However, I do not know how well
this works. Filemaker II has the Chached box checked but not the shared and
is a multi launch prog. Does anyone out there know which programs it works
for?
Thanks,
Alex Z... . . .
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 9 Oct 1989 14:23:09 EDT
From: PEPKE@scri1.scri.fsu.edu (Eric Pepke)
Subject: Macintosh One-Liners
The Macintosh One-Liners are intended to condense onto a single sheet of paper
information about some of the most common Macintosh problems and programming
pitfalls. Each one-liner is a single line of text, less than 80 characters,
which informs about one aspect of Macintosh use or programming.
The one-liners are brief, and many do not give complete information about their
topics. This is intentional. Detailed documentation exists elsewhere, mostly
in Inside Macintosh and in the Technical Notes. If you need more information
than is provided in a one-liner, you should be able to determine it by a little
experimentation or by looking it up using the words in the one-liner as hints.
The one-liners are short so that they can be consulted by linear search quickly
and easily.
One-liners give either facts or advice. The facts are intended to be somewhat
obscure and poorly documented bugs and features which are nevertheless
important for anybody using or programming the Macintosh. The advice is
intended to keep people from running into the most common nontrivial problems.
The one-liners started off as a list I made for myself of things to remember
while writing programs. I have augmented them with my condensed records of
several years of Info-Mac digests and one year of Usenet reading. People who
have contributed to the list since its first release are mentioned at the end.
The result is very much a gestalt of the Macintosh lore I have seen.
I would be gratified if every Macintosh user and programmer kept a copy of
this list and consulted it before asking questions of the network at large.
Many of the most commonly asked questions are addressed in the list. I keep
a copy tacked up on my wall, and I highly recommend that strategem.
Send suggestions for additional one-liners to pepke@gw.scri.fsu.edu. Have fun.
Users' One-Liners
A beep on trying to open a desk accessory may mean the DA Handler is missing.
A beep on trying to open a desk accessory may mean there is not enough memory.
If opening a document from Finder doesn't work, open it within the application.
A flashing Apple menu means the alarm clock is ringing.
A U-shaped icon at the right of the menu bar means Easy Access is activated.
HyperCard visual effects won't work on monitors set to more than 2 colors.
Hold down the F key and click OK in the print dialog to make a PostScript file.
Hold down the K key instead to make a PostScript file which contains LaserPrep.
Turn background printing off before trying to make a PostScript file.
Remove the paper tray during LaserWriter power-up to avoid the startup page.
Hold down the mouse while powering on to eject any disk in the computer.
Don't put disks on the left side of a small Macintosh or near loudspeakers.
It is safer to rebuild the desktop under Finder than under Multifinder.
Finder's default memory size is a bare minimum. Increase it with Get Info.
Never put more than one System file on a disk.
If the cursor is surrounded by a big black rectangle, Close View is activated.
Programmers' One-Liners
The maximum number of windows in Finder is stored in LAYO resource 128.
Don't use SetEventMask to disable mouseUp events.
SetPort to a known good grafPort once every time through the event loop.
Calling WaitNextEvent with more than 50 ticks will fail on some systems.
Use SetItem to include meta characters literally in menus.
GetResource doesn't return resNotFound. Check for a NIL handle instead.
Move and size windows to the bounding box of GetGrayRgn.
Hide scroll bars when deactivating a window.
Call DrawGrowIcon when activating or deactivating a window with a grow region.
DrawGrowIcon does not check to see if the window has a grow region.
itemHit will not be set when a dialog filter is called.
Use a disabled UserItem to draw the roundrect outline around the OK button.
Call IsDialogEvents and DialogSelect even if GetNextEvent returns false.
ModalDialog assumes the dialog is already visible and in the front.
Always set the VisRgn and ClipRgn of offscreen ports.
Set the ClipRgn first when making a picture.
Don't make rowBytes in bitMaps greater than 8191.
To dim text, draw a rectangle with penPat=gray and penMode=patBic over it.
To draw rotated text, draw to an offscreen bitmap, rotate it, and CopyBits it.
Don't use picSize to determine the size of a picture. Check the handle size.
Don't write in the application file. This will fail with read-only devices.
Save application preferences in a folder named Preferences in the System Folder
Truncate and reallocate files before overwriting to reduce fragmentation.
Check/change the creator and type of Save As... files before overwriting.
If you rewrite files by deleting and creating, copy all Finder information.
Delete uses the Poor Man's Search Path, so don't delete blindly.
Directory IDs are longs, not shorts. Shorts work ALMOST all the time.
Call GetDblTime to get the maximum time for a double click.
Measure double click time from mouse up to mouse down.
Use SysEnvirons to find the System (Blessed) Folder.
Use GetAppParms to get the name of the application.
The high bit of SysParam . volClik enables the alarm clock.
Check the application name at $910 before exiting with ES within MacsBug.
To exit to shell in the mini-debugger, enter SM 0 A9 F4 and then G 0.
Use HT in MacsBug to estimate how many times to call MoreMasters.
Put an odd long at location zero on a 68000 to help find NIL references.
Compiled by Eric Pepke
Additional material by Keith Rollin, Gregory Dudek, Brian Bechtel, Henry
Minsky, Carl C. Hewitt, Jim Lyons, Alex Lau, Kent Borg.
Eric Pepke INTERNET: pepke@gw.scri.fsu.edu
Supercomputer Computations Research Institute MFENET: pepke@fsu
Florida State University SPAN: scri::pepke
Tallahassee, FL 32306-4052 BITNET: pepke@fsu
Disclaimer: My employers seldom even LISTEN to my opinions.
Meta-disclaimer: Any society that needs disclaimers has too many lawyers.
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 28 Sep 89 07:30:30 +0100 (BST)
From: Sak Wathanasin <nan!sw@uunet.uu.net>
Subject: MPW scripts to split/join files
The attached is a Stuffit file containing 2 short MPW shell scripts
to split and join files in the format used by the comp.binaries.mac
newsgroup. To use them, put them in a folder that is in your {Commands}
path. To split a file use
split [n] origFile Comments
e.g. split orig.sit.hqx "A nifty program"
The optional parameter N, specifies the no of lines that each file
should contain (defaults to 1000). The output files are named
origFile.p1, origFile.p2 etc
Join takes a set of files generated by split or a set of postings from
comp.binaries.mac, strips off news headers etc and joins them back into
1 file. Comments in the first file are echoed to the Worksheet from which
you can cut & paste into an "About..." file for future reference.
join files > combinedFile
e.g. join orig.sit.hqx.p? > foo.hqx
Split followed by join should produce an identical file:
compare foo.hqx orig.sit.hqx
File #1: foo.hqx
File #2: orig.sit.hqx
*** Files match ***
Does anyone have an MPW tool to unhex the result of join? Would be nice
to do "join files.p? | unhex" ...
---
Sak Wathanasin
Network Analysis Limited
uucp: ...!ukc!nan!sw
other: sw%nan.uucp@ukc.ac.uk
phone: (+44) 242 520861
telex: 9312130355 (SW G)
snail: Flat 4, Albany House, Lansdown Rd, Cheltenham, Glos GL50 2HY, UK
---
[Archived as /info-mac/lang/mpw-join-files.hqx; 5K]
------------------------------
Date: Tue, 26 Sep 89 10:42:56 PDT
From: PUGH@ccc.nmfecc.gov
Subject: PlaySound
Here is a newer version of PlaySound, the simplest sound player in the
Macintosh universe. It puts up an SFGetFile dialog and allows you to select a
file of type FSSD (as created by SoundCap, SoundWave, and Sound Recorder) and
it plays it. If you hold the option key down it will play it repeatedly. Any
sound can be interrupted by a mouse click. When you pick Cancel, it quits.
Changes in this version: I forgot InitFonts and that made the text disappear
on SEs running MF, but nowhere else. Strangeness.
Changes last version: A bigger dialog box. Less crashes due to better use
of the Sound Manager (from tips in the Apple Q&A stack). A SIZE resource for
MultiFinder.
Share and Enjoy.
Jon
[Archived as /info-mac/sound/programs/playsound.hqx; 6K]
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 9 Oct 89 10:11 EDT
From: "Eric L. Schott" <ELS@icf.hrb.com>
Subject: Printing on LN03R attached to DS200
I need to print Mac applications (e.g. MacDraw) on an LN03R which is
attached to a DECserver 200. I have the ScriptPrinter software
executing on a VAX and can transfer files to the VAX with TSSnet (DECnet
for Mac). How can I do this? Are there any better products to make this
simpler or transparent to the Mac user?
Eric L. Schott, HRB Systems, Inc. 814/238-4311
Internet: ELS@ICF.HRB.COM
Bitnet: ELS%HRB@PSUECL.Bitnet
UUCP: ...!psuvax1!hrbicf!els
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 27 Sep 89 11:30:50 EDT
From: Kenneth Sussmann (PBMA) <sussmann@pica.army.mil>
Subject: ResEdit Help Stack
Here is an old (circa 1987) Hypercard stack that explains how to
use ResEdit. It is based on version 1.1d3 which is now obsolete,
but the discussion on how to use ResEdit is still pertinent. The
stack is copyrighted by MacSolutions but its free distribution is
permitted.
Ken Sussmann
U.S. Army Production Base Modernization Activity
Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey 07806-5000
[Archived as /info-mac/hypercard/resedit-help.hqx; 149K]
------------------------------
Date: Wed, 27 Sep 89 09:43:34 -0400
From: bills@xait.xerox.com (Bill Stackhouse)
Subject: United 1.01
Enclosed is an update to United 1.0. The program combines multi-segment
files and removes mail headers. The data that is stripped is optionally
displayed.
Bill
[Archived as /info-mac/util/united-101.hqx; 31K]
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 07 Oct 89 22:32 CDT
From: Jeff Robbin <ASTJLRPA%UIAMVS.BITNET@cunyvm.cuny.edu>
Subject: Virtual Memory
The following is the response I received to the request I posted regarding
a virtual memory solution:
--
Date: Wed, 04 Oct 89 17:12:14 PDT
>From: Sam McHan <mchan@ramona.UU.NET>
Message-Id: <252a9c5e@samac.uucp>
X-Mailer: UUPC/mail 1.095
To: ASTJLRPA%UIAMVS.BITNET@cunyvm.cuny.edu
--
Jeff,
I believe I have the thing you are looking for (in reference to virtual
memory note posted on Info-Mac). It's a CDEV from Apple, apparently a
beta, that has my 4 meg IIcx thinking it's a 14 meg system (the upper
limit). Drop me a note if interested.
--
--
Sam McHan mchan@ramona.uu.net
--
Sam: Please upload this CDEV to the info-mac libraries, or send it
directly to me. Thanks alot!
--
Jeff Robbin
University of Iowa
astjlrpa@uiamvs
------------------------------
Date: Mon 9 Oct 89 10:08:14-PDT
From: Brodie Lockard <I.ISIMO@hamlet.stanford.edu>
Subject: Why no 1024x768 32-bit video cards?
SuperMac, RasterOps and TrueVision all make 24-bit cards for 19" (1024x768)
monitors. RasterOps makes a 32-bit card for 13" (640x480) monitors.
Apparently, no one makes a 32-bit card for 19" monitors. Why not? I can only
guess that 1)vendors want to see how 24-bit cards sell before designing a
32-bit card, or 2)vendors don't foresee Apple defining 32-bit QuickDraw's last
8 bits anytime soon, and therefore perceive no market. I'd think that the
people most likely to use the alpha channel, when it is defined, are those
with big monitors. But SuperMac and RasterOps don't even have plans for such
a card (haven't asked TrueVision about this). I'm hesitant to buy a 24-bit
card now, and not have the last 8 bits available when Apple defines them.
Any suggestions?
Brodie Lockard
I.ISIMO@MACBETH.STANFORD.EDU
-------
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 28 Sep 89 10:38:54 -0400 (EDT)
From: "Robert George Johnston, Jr." <rj0z+@andrew.cmu.edu>
Subject: WindowShade
WindowShade is a unique window enhancement utility for the Macintosh.
WindowShade gets its name from the old window blinds that roll up when given
a sturdy pull. This utility brings the same functionality to Macintosh
windows.
Rob Johnston.
[Archived as /info-mac/init/windowshade.hqx; 54K]
------------------------------
End of Info-Mac Digest
******************************