rs@uunet.UU.NET (Rich Salz) (06/21/87)
Submitted by: Robert W. Baldwin <BALDWIN@XX.LCS.MIT.EDU>
Mod.sources: Volume 10, Issue 9
Archive-name: cbw/Part09
#! /bin/sh
# This is a shell archive. Remove anything before this line, then unpack
# it by saving it into a file and typing "sh file". To overwrite existing
# files, type "sh file -c". You can also feed this as standard input via
# unshar, or by typing "sh <file", e.g.. If this archive is complete, you
# will see the following message at the end:
# "End of archive 9 (of 11)."
# Contents: UU.foo test3.txt
# Wrapped by rs@uunet on Wed Jun 17 18:17:29 1987
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb ; export PATH
if test -f UU.foo -a "${1}" != "-c" ; then
echo shar: Will not over-write existing file \"UU.foo\"
else
echo shar: Extracting \"UU.foo\" \(28495 characters\)
sed "s/^X//" >UU.foo <<'END_OF_UU.foo'
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Xend
END_OF_UU.foo
if test 28495 -ne `wc -c <UU.foo`; then
echo shar: \"UU.foo\" unpacked with wrong size!
fi
# end of overwriting check
fi
if test -f test3.txt -a "${1}" != "-c" ; then
echo shar: Will not over-write existing file \"test3.txt\"
else
echo shar: Extracting \"test3.txt\" \(20660 characters\)
sed "s/^X//" >test3.txt <<'END_OF_test3.txt'
X@Device[dover]
X@Style[Font=timesroman11]
X@Make[Article]
X
X@Section[Introduction]
XComputers are increasingly common in the home and small businesses; many
Xapplications require access to external computer systems and services.
XConsequently, the communication capacity of the home or business must also
Xincrease. Larger organizations can afford to install local communications
Xwith LANs and then connect these LANs to the rest of the world via
Xtelephone, microwave, optic and satellite links. For a small business or
Xhome, with only a few computers, high speed metropolitan area communications
Xare out of reach. The user is forced to use a phone line at 4800 baud or
Xless. Compounding this problem is the new generation of personal computers
Xarriving on market. These machines have faster processors, more use of
Xgraphics and bitmap displays, and larger memory sizes. These increases in
Xdata manipulation will increase the need for high speed data communication.
X
XThe telephone system is used for communication because it is already
Xinstalled. Fiber optic cable may eventually replace copper twisted pair
Xphone lines, bringing more communication bandwidth to the home or office;
Xbut fiber is currently expensive and widespread use is probably five to ten
Xyears away for large business customers and twenty years away for the home.
XBut already a high bandwidth communication link runs to many homes in the
Xform of a coaxial cable for the local CATV system. Unused bandwidth on a
XCATV system could bring high speed (1-10 MBPS), low cost (less than $1000
Xper interface), packet switched communication facilities into the home or
Xoffice.
X
XThis paper proposes a preliminary design for a packet switched communication
Xsystem installable on a CATV network to provide digital data communication
Xover a metropolitan area.
X
X@Section[System Design]
XThe network design takes advantage of existing commercial CATV systems, so
Xunderstanding CATV systems helps in understanding the network design.
X
X@Subsection[Cable Television]
XA cable TV network is a coaxial cable transmission system that is
Xfrequency-split into 6 MHz. bands. In the most common, single-cable design
Xused for residential areas, most of these bands are @i[downstream] channels
Xoccupying the spectrum from 54 Mhz. to 300 MHz., 450 MHz., or higher
Xdepending on the particular system and converter technology employed.
XDownstream channels carry signals, typically entertainment video signals,
Xfrom the cable TV headend to the subscriber. The @i[upstream] channels
Xoccupy the 5.75 - 29.75 MHz. range and carry signals from the subscriber to
Xthe cable headend. Frequencies from 29.75 MHz. to 54 MHz. form a @i[guard
Xband] and no signals are transmitted at these frequencies.
X
XSources of noise on a CATV system include ingress of off-the-air signals
Xfrom short-wave radio stations, insertion noise from equipment connected to
Xthe cable, white noise from the amplifiers on the system, loose connections
Xat the drop, signal reflections because of impedance mismatch and beat
Xproducts from rectification by corroded connectors.@Cite[SIRAZI] The
Xdownstream channels of a cable system have low noise because the system is
Xprimarily designed for distributing video signals from the headend to the
Xsubscriber with good picture quality. The noise upstream is high because a
XCATV system has a converging tree topology; the noise arriving at the
Xheadend is the amplified sum of all the noise over the entire system. In
Xaddition, the frequencies used in the upstream direction are routinely used
Xfor short-wave communication and the CATV distribution plant make a very
Xeffective antenna at these frequencies. Network design must take this high
Xlevel of noise into account.
X
X@Subsection[Design Goals]
XThe network consists of stations that transmit data to the headend on an
Xupstream channel. The headend broadcasts the received data from the
Xupstream channel to all stations via the downstream channel. A design goal
Xfor data communication over a cable TV network is to change the existing
Xcable system as little as possible. Ideally, the only additions would be a
Xnetwork controller at the headend and modems at the subscriber end. A
Xrelated goal is complete compatibility with the pre-existing cable
Xequipment, television sets and cable channel allocation. In addition,
Xexpensive and complex equipment for data communication should be placed at
Xthe headend in exchange for cheaper and simpler equipment at the subscriber
Xnodes. To ensure a high upstream bitrate, the upstream link to headend
Xshould be via the same cable as the downstream link; other types of upstream
Xchannels such as telephone lines are undesirable. The network should support
Xmultipoint communication instead of point-to-point communication, because
Xany station may communicate with any other station without prior
Xarrangement. A system must exist to allocate bandwidth on the network to
Xallow communication and to support addressing of the multiple points on the
Xnet.
X
XIn summary, the problem of designing a CATV based packet switching network
Xcan be broken into four parts:
X@Begin[Enumerate]
XTransmission method from headend to subscriber
X
XTransmission method from subscriber to headend
X
XSubscriber control logic
X
XAccess scheme to determine bandwidth utilization
X
X@End[Enumerate]
X
XTwo of these problems also appear in other data communication systems and
Xonly slight redesign is necessary. The two interesting problems are those
Xof transmission from subscriber to headend and the access scheme used for
Xbandwidth allocation.
X
X@Subsection[Philosophy of Design]
XBoth the headend and the subscriber nodes should be modular in design. In
Xthe headend, the control logic can be attached to any transmit and receive
Xmodems desirable. The upstream and downstream environments are different,
Xthus different modulation techniques may be appropriate. Modulation and
Xsignalling techniques can be experimented with by switching modems.
X
XThe subscriber end is also modular, thereby lowering the cost per node of
Xfuture changes by reusing most of the interface components. The four
Xmodules for the subscriber node are the receiving modem, the transmitting
Xmodem, the subscriber logic, and the bus interface.
X
XModularity allows the system to be put together in a building-block manner.
XThe bus interface is easily changed as new computer systems are added and
Xthe modems can be changed during the initial testing to determine which
Xtransmission techniques work best.
X
X@Section[Tested Network Components]
XTransmission from the headend to the subscriber and the subscriber logic are
Xparts of the network design already tested in other data communication
Xsystems. Only slight redesign is necessary to use these ideas for the
Xtwo-way data communications network.
X
X@Subsection[Transmission from Headend to the Subscriber]
XThe headend transmitter and the subscriber receiver use the same modulation
Xsystem. Transmission from the headend to the subscriber is the easier of
Xthe two transmission paths to engineer because CATV systems are designed for
Xvideo signal distribution from the headend to the subscriber with a good
Xsignal-to-noise ratio. Since the downstream data transmission channel will
Xbe a 6MHz. television channel, surrounded by video channels on a system
Xdesigned for video transmission, it makes sense to have the downstream data
Xmethod be compatible with video transmission as much as possible. CATV
Xamplifiers expect certain signal levels, amplifier triple-beat
Xcharacteristics are optimized for video signals, and television sets have
Xfilters for eliminating adjacent channel interference that expect carriers
Xto be at certain frequencies. Research at the Sony Corporation has already
Xdemonstrated a data communication method compatible with CATV.
X
XThe Sony system has the right characteristics needed for the packet
Xswitching network:
X@Begin[Enumerate]
XHigh speed
X
XLow error rate
X
XEasily introduced into existing CATV networks
X
XTV signals not adversely influenced
X
XLow receiver cost
X@End[Enumerate]
X
XThe Sony system transmits data at 7.4 MBPS using one channel of 6MHz.
XTransmission tests on North American and Japanese CATV networks have proven
Xthe system to be workable. The system uses VSB (Vestigial Side Band)
Xtransmission, the same as that of a television signal, modulated with a
Xbandwidth-restricted, two-level baseband signal. The subscriber receiver is
Xinexpensive because it uses mass-produced TV components. The system has a
Xraw error rate of about 10@+[-7] even in the worst carrier-to-noise ratios
Xseen on CATV networks.@Cite[SONY]
X
XA second possibility for the downstream channel is spread-spectrum
Xmodulation. In some areas, certain channels on a CATV network cannot be
Xused because radiation of signals from the cable system might interfere with
Xaircraft navigation.@Cite[ESTRIN] Spread-spectrum signals can make the
Xenergy across a channel uniformly low so that radiation from the cable might
Xbe acceptable. Spread-spectrum receivers are more expensive than VSB
Xreceivers, but in an area where cable channels are at a premium, or in the
Xfuture when demand rises, it may be worth the extra receiver cost to reclaim
Xthe unusable channels.
X
X
X@Subsection[Subscriber Logic]
XThe subscriber logic should be similar to the logic used in local area
Xnetwork interfaces, such as the Proteon proNET. The network interface
Xshould be simple to operate, intelligent enough to do several operations at
Xonce, and have multiple transmit and receive buffers to avoid missing
Xpackets. The maximum packet size should be about one or two kilobytes to
Xkeep transmission delay small.
X
X@Subsection[Bus Interface]
XThe bus interface will initially be for an IBM PC, since the PC is a popular
Xcomputer for home and business use. The IBM PC bus is easy to interface to
Xand the bus interface will be connected to the subscriber logic via a
Xstandardized interface.
X
X@Section[New Techniques]
XTwo new pieces of the design of the CATV network are the upstream
Xtransmission technique and the access scheme for bandwidth allocation. Most
Xof the research will be focused in these two areas.
X
X@Subsection[Upstream Transmission]
XThe subscriber transmitter and the headend receiver have the same modulation
Xmethod. Upstream transmission is harder than downstream transmission
Xbecause of the high noise level that accumulates on the upstream channels.
XLow signal-to-noise ratios on the upstream channels suggest three modulation
Xtechniques: coherent PSK, phase-continuous FSK and spread spectrum.
XCoherent PSK and phase-continuous PSK have a low energy-to-noise ratio for a
Xgiven error rate@Cite[OETTING], suiting them for high noise channels. But,
Xthe type of noise found on the upstream channel of a CATV system would
Xlikely cause these two simple modulation techniques to perform poorly. The
Xnoise on a CATV system is probably closer to jamming than to gaussian noise
Xdistribution because of strong interference by short wave radio stations
Xentering the upstream channel by ingress.
X
XSpread-spectrum could be the modulation technique needed to overcome noise
Xon the upstream channel. The military uses spread-spectrum techniques to
Xproduce systems that work even in the presence of intentional signal
Xjamming.
X
XUpstream spread-spectrum can be implemented in two ways. The first is to
Xallocate a 6 MHz. slot in the upstream band exclusively for the network
Xdata. An advantage of this method is that it fits with the modularity of
Xthe CATV system - to add more networks, allocate more upstream channels.
X
XThe second method is to use spread-spectrum across the entire upstream band
X(24 MHz.) at a low enough signal level so that it can sit "underneath"
Xconventional services occupying the same bandwidth. The advantage is that
Xthe network upstream channel can exist independently of other services using
Xthe upstream channels. The disadvantage is the possible effect on
Xsignal-to-noise ratio on the upstream channels by the spread-spectrum
Xmodulation and vice-versa.
X
XDigital regenerators could replace some of the upstream linear amplifiers on
Xthe appropriate channels. Not all of the linear amplifiers would be
Xreplaced - only enough to reduce the noise to an acceptable level. The
Xadvantages are that noise is reduced and a simpler modulation system can be
Xused. The disadvantage is the need to change some upstream amplifiers,
Xmaking the system more complex and expensive.
X
X@Subsection[Access Scheme]
XThe access scheme for a MAN is a very important and difficult problem.
XBecause the network serves the home or small business, the overall packet
Xdistribution will be bursty. Bursty traffic is difficult to schedule on a
Xnetwork with a large propagation delay and static allocation of time or
Xfrequency slots would make network utilization unacceptably low
X
XThe downstream channel will probably run at a higher data rate than the
Xupstream channel because of the difference in signal-to-noise ratio between
Xthem. Therefore, the downstream channel can be broken into two parts:
Xdownstream data repeated from the upstream channel and access control
Xinformation. The headend then gives permission to send on the access
Xcontrol part of the downstream channel.
X
XThe upstream channel could be split into two channels, a data communication
Xchannel and an access channel for queueing. The separate access channel
Xallows stations to enqueue while data is transmitted by some other station.
XWhen the transmitting station is finished, the headend notifies the next
Xstation in the queue to start transmission. The downstream channel could be
Xsplit into a data communication channel and a enqueue acknowledge channel.
XThe headend sends acknowledgments as the requests for transmission are
Xreceived so the next station can begin data transmission without delay.
X
XThe stations must somehow make the desire to transmit known. CSMA/CD may
Xwork efficiently on a small network, but as size and speed increase,
Xefficiency decreases. On a geographically large system, the efficiency
Xwould degrade to that of an Aloha system. RF collision detection is very
Xhard to do; because the system is broadband, detection of conflicting
Xsignals on the upstream channel is uncertain, so the only way to know that
Xthe network is in use is to watch the downstream channel. Collision
Xdetection on the downstream channel only increases the delay of collision
Xdetection. Uniform station distribution implies that the number of stations
Xat a distance r from the headend is proportional to r@+[2] because a CATV
Xnetwork covers area and is not linear as is an Ethernet. The average
Xstation distance is R@+[2]/2, where R is the radius of the system. The
Xlarge average distance between colliding stations also slows down collision
Xdetection.@Cite[LNNE] Inefficient collision detection increases the loss of
Xbandwidth because of collisions.
X
XPolling is an access scheme frequently used on cable systems. The headend
Xcan poll every station to allow those with data to send to transmit. But,
Xsince most stations would not be ready to send traffic, polling is slow and
Xthus not suited to the interactive environment that this cable network would
Xsupport. Polling a large network (100,000 customers) can take six seconds,
Xcausing low throughput.@Cite[ESTRIN] Adaptive polling polls active stations
Xmore often than inactive ones, so the polling is more efficient, but still
Xnot fast enough.
X
XMultiple polling systems poll all stations at once by giving each station an
Xorthogonal channel for reply to the headend. Frequency division or code
Xdivision (for spread-spectrum) orthogonal channels allow stations to reply
Xwithin a short amount of time. The headend determines the stations with
Xtraffic and assigns a transmission order. The headend polls again when the
Xqueue is empty.
X
XFor a network with R meter spokes (2R meters in diameter) and a propagation
Xvelocity of V meters/second, the one-way propagation time is R/V seconds
X(amplifier delay is negligible).@Cite[LNNE] A worst case polling cycle
Xincludes a request out (R/V seconds), delay time at modem (D@-[m]), arrival
Xtime of the last possible carrier (R/V seconds), carrier frequency
Xdetermination (F), permission to send packet out (R/V seconds), delay at
Xmodem (D@-[m]), and time until the first message arrives (R/V seconds). The
Xminimum polling time is 4R/V + 2D@-[m] + F seconds. If there are N stations
Xon the network, each assigned a unique poll-response frequency in a B hertz
Xbandwidth slot, then each has a slot bandwidth of B/N. A rough
Xapproximation of bitrate is B/3 bits/second for a bandwidth B, so each of
Xthe N slots would have a bitrate B/3N bits per second. Only one bit per
Xstation (request to send) is needed, so the time per station is 3N/B seconds
Xper bit. Since all stations transmit carriers simultaneously, the total
Xtime to receive the one bit for each of the N stations is 3N/B seconds, so F
X= 3N/B. The maximum polling time is (4R/V + 2D@-[m] + 3N/B). If R = 30km,
XV = .87c, D@-[m] = 1@g[m]s., B = 6 MHz., and N =1024, then the maximum
Xpolling time is 974 microseconds. Compare this with N(2R/V + D@-[m] + 3/B)
Xfor conventional polling, which is 28.7 milliseconds.
X
X@Section[Other Considerations]
X@Subsection[Error Correction Codes]
XPacket error checking should be done end-to-end, but a lower-level check
Xmight be used to determine the location of defective cable, amplifiers or
Xsources of jamming. If the raw bit error rate is low enough, then a parity
Xbit should work; but a CRC will probably be necessary. CRC calculation on a
Xchip, as on Ethernet cards, is a simple way to add this.
X
X@Subsection[Security and Availability]
XFor data security, users can implement end-to-end encryption. Using
Xend-to-end encryption allows the user to use any type of data encryption
Xdesired (including none at all) and thus set his own level of security.
XEncryption will not stop traffic analysis, but for the type of traffic this
Xnetwork will carry, traffic analysis should be of minimal concern.
X
XInterference is a more difficult issue to deal with. Interference on the
Xdownstream channel would cause local problems for other users on the same
Xcable segment. If the upstream channel is still open, the interfaces being
Xinterfered with could complain to the headend. Knowing the network topology
Xand the station numbers of the stations complaining should make isolation of
Xthe interfering station fast.
X
XInterference with the upstream channel is more difficult to handle. One way
Xto find the source of the interference would be to use a binary search with
Xintelligent bridger amplifiers. The headend can remotely switch the
Xamplifiers on and off to find and isolate the offending unit, leaving most
Xof the system intact.@Cite[ESTRIN]
X
X@Section[Test Bed]
XNewton, Massachusetts has a cable system that is an ideal test site - a 400
XMHz. hub-shaped system with upstream amplifiers. The Newton cable system is
Xnear MIT and the city of Newton has many potential test subjects - MIT
Xfaculty member that already have IBM PCs.
X
XBell Communications Research has a CATV system built inside a lab for
Xexperimental use. This system is smaller, has less noise and is not for
Xcommercial use. Running preliminary tests at Bell would determine whether
Xthe network equipment works and insure that there is no interference with
Xother channels on the cable before testing on an operational commercial
Xsystem.
X
XTesting on campus can be done on the MIT cable system because the system is
Xsmall and near by for easy access. Probably most of the system testing will
Xbe done on the MIT cable system for convenience.
X
X@Section[Conclusion]
XThe need for inexpensive, high speed data communication within a community
Xis growing. Because the physical plant of CATV is already installed, a MAN
Xbuilt on a CATV system allows a communication system to be installed quickly
Xand economically.
X
XInitially, downstream transmissions will use the Sony VSB system and the
Xupstream transmissions will use spread-spectrum. The subscriber control
Xlogic will be similar to the proNET interfaces, and the access scheme will
Xbe multiple polling. During system testing, other alternative systems will
Xalso be tried.
X
XThe CATV MAN project explores three important areas: transmission over a
Xbroadband cable, spread-spectrum communication and access schemes for MANs.
XAll these areas are important to data communication in the future.
X
X@Subheading[Acknowledgments]
XMy thanks to Jerry Saltzer and Deborah Estrin for their ideas and comments
Xon this paper. Their groundwork on CATV data networks really helped to get
Xthis project going.
X
X@Heading[References]
X@Use[Bibliography="CATV.Bib"]
X@Bibliography
END_OF_test3.txt
if test 20660 -ne `wc -c <test3.txt`; then
echo shar: \"test3.txt\" unpacked with wrong size!
fi
# end of overwriting check
fi
echo shar: End of archive 9 \(of 11\).
cp /dev/null ark9isdone
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for I in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ; do
if test ! -f ark${I}isdone ; then
MISSING="${MISSING} ${I}"
fi
done
if test "${MISSING}" = "" ; then
echo You have unpacked all 11 archives.
rm -f ark[1-9]isdone ark[1-9][0-9]isdone
else
echo You still need to unpack the following archives:
echo " " ${MISSING}
fi
## End of shell archive.
exit
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