yee@trident.arc.nasa.gov (Peter E. Yee) (09/16/90)
that competing effects on their motion of solar radiation, gravitation and solar-wind particles can be studied. The distribution of dust and its changing properties from the solar equator to the sun's poles will help distinguish the contributions of three major sources: comets, asteroids and interstellar dust. Dr. Eberhard Gruen of the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik in Heidelberg, Germany, is principal investigator. -- Coronal sounding. This experiment uses signals transmitted simultaneously by Ulysses' radio at two frequencies to infer properties of the sun's corona along the path from the spacecraft to the radio receivers on Earth. From subtle shifts in phase of these two signals, the density and directed velocity of coronal electrons can be inferred at the location where the radio waves pass closest to the sun. Of particular scientific interest are these properties of the corona in the sun's polar regions as Ulysses ascends in latitude. Dr. Hans Volland of Universitaet Bonn, Germany, is principal investigator. -- Gravitational waves. This investigation also makes use of the spacecraft radio transmitter for scientific purposes. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, the motion of large masses in the universe -- such as those associated with the formation of black holes -- should cause the radiation of gravitational waves. Although such waves have yet to be detected, they could be observed through their effect on the spacecraft, which is expected to undergo a slight perturbation that might be detectable as a shift in frequency of Ulysses' radio signal. Dr. Bruno Bertotti of Universita di Pavia, Italy, is principal investigator. In addition to the 11 experiment teams, two investigation teams will study interdisciplinary topics: -- Directional discontinuities. The solar-wind plasma is not homogenous but consists of adjacent regions in which the plasma and magnetic field are different. These regions are separated by thin surfaces, called discontinuities, across which the properties change abruptly. Ulysses measurements will be compared with theoretical models developed by a team led by Dr. Joseph Lemaire of the Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique, Belgium. -- Mass loss and ion composition. This team will combine measurements of the solar wind and magnetic field to study the mass and angular momentum lost by the sun in the equatorial and polar regions. A second problem which will be studied is the dependence of the solar wind composition on solar latitude. This team is led by Dr. Giancarlo Noci of the Istituto di Astronomia, Italy. TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION Throughout the Ulysses mission, tracking and data acquisition will be performed through NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN). The DSN includes antenna complexes at Goldstone, in California's Mojave Desert; near Madrid, Spain; and at Tidbinbilla, near Canberra, Australia. The complexes are spaced approximately 120 degrees apart in longitude around the globe so that, as the Earth turns, a given spacecraft will nearly always be in view of one of the DSN complexes. Each complex is equipped with a 230-foot-diameter antenna; two 112- foot antennas; and an 85-foot antenna. Each antenna transmits and receives. The receiving systems include low-noise amplifiers. Transmitters on the 230-foot antennas are rated at 100 kilowatts of power, while the 112- and 85-foot antennas have 20-kilowatt transmitters. Each antenna station also is equipped with data handling and interstation communication equipment. During most of the mission, the DSN will be in contact with Ulysses 8 hours per day. The spacecraft will record all its science and engineering data during the 16 hours it is out of touch with Earth; during the 8 hours of DSN contact, the spacecraft will transmit stored data from the craft's tape recorder. Mission plans call for a 112-foot antenna to be used both to transmit to and receive from Ulysses. To conserve antenna coverage during periods of high demand on the DSN, ground teams can switch to the 230-foot antennas for communication with Ulysses; the larger antennas permit a higher data rate, so 4 hours of antenna coverage each 48 hours is sufficient. Data streams received from Ulysses at the DSN station are processed and transmitted to the Mission Control and Computing Center at JPL in Pasadena, Calif. Data are transmitted to Pasadena from the various DSN stations by a combination of land lines, ground microwave links and Earth- orbiting communication satellites. ULYSSES MANAGEMENT The Ulysses spacecraft was built for ESA by Dornier GmbH (Inc.) of Germany. Subcontractors included firms in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. In addition to providing the spacecraft, ESA is responsible for spacecraft operations. Launch on Space Shuttle Discovery is provided by NASA. In addition, NASA is responsible for the IUS and PAM-S upper-stage engines, built for the U.S. Air Force by Boeing Aerospace & Electronics Co. (IUS) and McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Co. (PAM-S). NASA also provides the radioisotope thermo-electric generator (RTG), built for the U.S. Department of Energy by the General Electric Co. Tracking through the Deep Space Network and ground operations facilities in Pasadena, Calif., are managed for NASA by JPL. The U.S. portion of the Ulysses mission is managed by JPL for NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications. CHROMEX-2 The Chromosome and Plant Cell Division (CHROMEX-2) experiment is designed to study some of the most important phenomena associated with plant growth. The CHROMEX-2 experiment aims to determine how the genetic material in the root cells responsible for root growth in flowering plants responds to microgravity. All plants, in the presence of light, have the unique ability to convert carbon dioxide and water into food and oxygen. Any long expedition or isolated settlement beyond Earth orbit will almost certainly necessitate the use of plants to manufacture food for crew members. In addition, information from space based life sciences research promotes fundamental understanding of the mechanisms responsible for plant growth and development. An improved understanding of plant responses to spaceflight is required for the long-term goal of a controlled ecological life support system for space use. One of the practical benefits of studying and designing plant growth systems (and eventually agricultural systems) for use in space is the contribution this work may make to developing new intensive farming practices for extreme environments on Earth. Over the last few decades, basic research in the plant sciences has enabled the great increase in crop productivity (the "green revolution") that has transformed modern agriculture. Plant research in space may help provide the necessary fundamental knowledge for the next generation of agricultural biotechnology. Dr. Abraham D. Krikorian of the State University of New York at Stony Brook is the principal investigator. This experiment has been developed at the Kennedy Space Center and uses the Plant Growth Unit developed by the NASA Ames Research Center. RESULTS FROM THE FIRST FLIGHT OF CHROMEX The first flight of CHROMEX in March 1989 showed that spaceflight seems to have a distinct, measurable and negative effect on the structural integrity of chromosomes in root tip cells. The plantlets grew well, but at the cellular level, in the chromosomes in rapidly dividing root tip cells, damage was clearly visible through light microscopy. Damage or aberrations were seen in 3-30% of dividing cell chromosomes. Ground controls were damage-free. The exact cause for the chromosomal aberrations seen on CHROMEX-1 is not known, but data from the radiation measuring devices flown with the plantlets suggest that radiation alone was insufficient to cause the observed damage. The principal investigator has suggested that an interaction of microgravity and radiation may be responsible. This hypothesis cannot be fully tested until an artificial gravity centrifuge is developed to enable additional space biology experiments. Roots grown in space also were seen to have a higher percentage of cells undergoing division than ground controls. As expected, roots grew in all directions in space, while roots grew normally and downward on the ground controls. More root tissue grew on the space flown plants, but this was probably due to the increased moisture held in the foam used as artificial soil in the Plant Growth Unit. The plants were grown as planned without microbial contamination throughout the flight and ground control experiments. SOLID SURFACE COMBUSTION EXPERIMENT The Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE) will study the basic behavior of fire by examining the spreading of flame over solid fuels without the influence of gravity. This research may lead to improvements in fire prevention or control both on Earth and in spacecraft. On Earth, spreading flames are strongly affected by gravity. Hot gases, which are less dense than cold gases, ascend from flames in the same way that oil floats on water. This phenomena -- "buoyant convection" -- removes hot gases from the flame and draws in fresh air to take their place. The resulting air motion tends to cool the flame. However, it also provides fresh oxygen, which makes the flame hotter. The heating and cooling effects compete, with the outcome depending upon the speed of the airflow (A campfire, for example, is strengthened by blowing, while a match can be blown out). Scientists quantify the airflow effects on Earth by augmenting buoyant convection with controlled amounts of forced convection. On Earth, gravity prevents observation of airflows slower than buoyant convection speeds, limiting the ability to develop complete models of solid surface combustion. SSCE will provide observations of flames spreading without buoyant convection. Air motion is eliminated except to the extent that the flame spreads into fresh air and away from the hot gases. Convective cooling and the heating effect of fresh oxygen are simultaneously minimized. The competition between heating and cooling effects will be quantified by performing tests in artificial atmospheres that have different fractional amounts of oxygen (the air we breathe is 21% oxygen). The SSCE hardware consists of a chamber to house the burning sample, two cameras to record the experiment on film and a computer to control experiment operations. Fuel and air temperatures are recorded during the experiment for comparison with theory. The SSCE test plan calls for eight Shuttle flights over the next 3 years. Five flights will use samples made of a special ashless filter paper and three will use samples of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), commonly known as plexiglass. Each test will be conducted in an artificial atmosphere containing oxygen at levels ranging from 35% to 50%. The SSCE was conceived by the principle investigator, Dr. Robert A. Altenkirch, Dean of Engineering at Mississippi State University; the flight hardware was developed by the NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. SHUTTLE SOLAR BACKSCATTER ULTRAVIOLET (SSBUV) INSTRUMENT The Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) instrument was developed by NASA to compare the observations of several ozone measuring instruments aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's TIROS satellites (NOAA-9 and NOAA-11) and NASA's NIMBUS-7 satellite. The SSBUV data is used to calibrate these instruments to insure the most accurate readings possible for the detection of ozone trends. The SSBUV will help scientists solve the problem of data reliability caused by the calibration drift of the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) instruments on these satellites. The SSBUV uses the Space Shuttle's orbital flight path to assess instrument performance by directly comparing data from identical instruments aboard the TIROS spacecraft and NIMBUS- 7 as the Shuttle and satellite pass over the same Earth location within an hour. These orbital coincidences can occur 17 times a day. The satellite-based SBUV instruments estimate the amount and height distribution of ozone in the upper atmosphere by measuring the incident solar ultraviolet radiation and ultraviolet radiation backscattered from the Earth's atmosphere. The SBUV measures these parameters in 12 discrete wavelength channels in the ultraviolet. Because ozone absorbs in the ultraviolet, an ozone measurement can be derived from the ratio of backscattered radiation at different wavelengths, providing an index of the vertical distribution of ozone in the atmosphere. The SSBUV has been flown once, on STS-34 in October 1989. Its mission successfully completed, the SSBUV was refurbished, recalibrated and reprocessed for flight. NASA plans to fly the SSBUV approximately once a year for the duration of the ozone monitoring program, which is expected to last until the year 2000. As the project continues, the older satellites with which SSBUV works are expected to be replaced to insure continuity of calibration and results. The SSBUV instrument and its dedicated electronics, power, data and command systems are mounted in the Shuttle's payload bay in two Get Away Special canisters that together weigh 1,200 pounds. The instrument canister holds the SSBUV, its aspect sensors and in-flight calibration system. A motorized door assembly opens the canister to allow the SSBUV to view the sun and Earth and closes during in-flight calibration. The support canister contains the power system, data storage and command decoders. The dedicated power system can operate the SSBUV for approximately 40 hours. The SSBUV is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., for the Office of Space Science and Applications. Ernest Hilsenrath is the principal investigator. Donald Williams is the experiment manager. INTELSAT SOLAR ARRAY COUPON The Intelsat Solar Array Coupon (ISAC) experiment on STS-41 is being flown by NASA for the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT). The experiment will measure the effects of atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit on the Intelsat satellite's solar arrays, to judge if the stranded satellite's arrays will be seriously damaged by those effects. Intelsat, launched aboard a commercial expendable launch vehicle earlier this year, is stranded in a low orbit and is, at the request of the company, being evaluated for a possible Space Shuttle rescue mission in 1992. ISAC consists of two solar array material samples mounted on Discovery's remote manipulator system (RMS) arm. The arm will be extended to hold the samples perpendicular to the Shuttle payload bay, facing the direction of travel, for at least 23 consecutive hours. PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS EXPERIMENT The Physiological Systems Experiment (PSE) is a middeck payload sponsored by the Pennsylvania State University's Center for Cell Research, a NASA Office of Commercial Programs Center for the Commercial Development of Space. The corporate affiliate leading the PSE investigation is Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif., with NASA's Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif., providing payload and mission integration support. The goal of the PSE is to investigate whether biological changes caused by near weightlessness mimic Earth-based medical conditions closely enough to facilitate pharmacological evaluation of potential new therapies. Research previously conducted by investigators at NASA, Penn State and other institutions has revealed that in the process of adapting to near weightlessness, or microgravity, animals and humans experience a variety of physiological changes including loss of bone and lean body tissue, some decreased immune cell function, change in hormone secretion and cardiac deconditioning, among others. These changes occur in space-bound animals and people soon after leaving Earth's gravitational field. Therefore, exposure to conditions of microgravity during the course of space flight might serve as a useful and expedient means of testing potential therapies for bone and muscle wasting, organ tissue regeneration and immune system disorders. Genentech is a biotechnology company engaged in the research, development, manufacture and marketing of recombinant DNA-based pharmaceuticals. The company replicates natural proteins and evaluates their pharmacological potential to treat a range of medical disorders. In this experiment, eight healthy rats will receive one of the natural proteins Genentech has developed. An identical group will accompany them during the flight, but will not receive the protein, thereby providing a standard of comparison for the treated group. Both groups will be housed in self-contained animal enclosure modules which provide sophisticated environmental controls and plenty of food and water throughout the flights duration. The experiment's design and intent has received the review and approval of the Animal Care and Use Committees from both NASA and Genentech. Laboratory animal veterinarians will oversee selection, care and handling of the animals. Following the flight, the rat tissues will be thoroughly evaluated by teams of scientists from Genentech and the Center for Cell Research in a series of studies which will require several months. Dr. Wesley Hymer is Director of the Center for Cell Research at Penn State and co-investigator for PSE. Dr. Michael Cronin, Genentech, is principal investigator. INVESTIGATIONS INTO POLYMER MEMBRANE PROCESSING The Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP), a middeck payload, will make its second Space Shuttle flight for the Office of Commercial Programs-sponsored Battelle Advanced Materials Center for the Commercial Development of Space (CCDS) in Columbus, Ohio. The objective of the IPMP research program is to gain a fundamental understanding of the role of convection driven currents in the transport processes which occur during the evaporation casting of polymer membranes and, in particular, to investigate how these transport processes influence membrane morphology. Polymer membranes have been used in the separations industry for many years for such applications as desalination of water, atmospheric purification, purification of medicines and dialysis of kidneys and blood. The IPMP payload uses the evaporation casting method to produce polymer membranes. In this process, a polymer membrane is prepared by forming a mixed solution of polymer and solvent into a thin layer; the solution is then evaporated to dryness. The polymer membrane is left with a certain degree of porosity and then can be used for the applications listed above. The IPMP investigations on STS-41 will seek to determine the importance of the evaporation step in the formation of thin-film membranes by controlling the convective flows. Convective flows are a natural result of the effects of gravity on liquids or gasses that are non- uniform in specific density. The microgravity of space will permit research to study polymer membrane casting in a convection-free environment. The IPMP program will increase the existing knowledge base regarding the effects of convection in the evaporation process. In turn, industry will use this understanding to improve commercial processing techniques on Earth with the ultimate goal of optimizing membrane properties. The IPMP payload on STS-41 consists of two experimental units that occupy a single small storage tray (one-half of a middeck locker) which weighs less than 20 pounds. Early in Flight Day 1, a crew member will turn the valve to the first stop to activate the evaporation process. Turning the valve opens the pathway between the large and sample cylinders causing the solvents in the sample to evaporate into the evacuated larger cylinders. Both flight units are activated at the same time. The STS-41 experiment will investigate the effects of evaporation time on the resulting membranes by deactivating the two units at different times. The evaporation process will be terminated in the first unit after a period of 5 minutes, by turning the valve to its final position. This causes the process to terminate by flushing the sample with water vapor, and thus setting the membrane structure. After the process is terminated, the resulting membrane then will not be affected by gravitational forces experienced during reentry, landing and post-flight operations. The second unit will be deactivated after a period of 7 hours. In IPMP's initial flight on STS-31, mixed solvent systems were evaporated in the absence of convection to control the porosity of the polymer membrane. Ground-based control experiments also were performed. Results from STS-31 strongly correlated with previous KC-135 aircraft testing and with a similar experiment flown on the Consort 3 sounding rocket flight in May 1990. The morphology of polymer membranes processed in reduced gravity showed noticeable differences from that of membranes processed on Earth. However, following post-flight analysis of the STS-31 experiment, it was decided to incorporate a minor modification to the hardware to significantly improve confidence in the analysis by providing additional insight into the problem. In addition, the modification would further remove remaining variables in the experiment. The two most significant variables remaining in the experiment as originally configured are the time factor and the gravitational forces affecting the samples prior to retrieval of the payload. With the addition of a 75-cc cylinder containing a small quantity of distilled water pressurized with compressed air to greater than 14 psig, Space Shuttle crew members will be able to abruptly terminate (or "quench") the vacuum evaporation process by flushing the sample with water vapor. After the process is terminated, the resulting membrane will not be further affected by gravity variations. The planned modifications will not alter the experimental objectives and, in fact, will further contribute to a better understanding of the transport mechanisms involved in the evaporation casting process. Subsequent flights of the IPMP payload will use different polymers, solvents and polymer-to-solvent ratios. However, because of the modification to the hardware, the polymer/solvent combination used on this flight will be the same as that used on the first slight. The polymer, polysulfone, is swollen with a mixture of dimethylacetamide and acetone in the IPMP units. Combinations of polymers and solvents for later experiments will be selected and/or adjusted based on the results of these first flights. Principal investigators for the IPMP is Dr. Vince McGinness of Battelle. Lisa A. McCauley, Associate Director of the Battelle CCDS, is Program Manager. VOICE COMMAND SYSTEM The Voice Command System (VCS) is a flight experiment using technology developed at the Johnson Space Center, Houston, to control the onboard Space Shuttle television cameras using verbal commands. On STS-41, the VCS will be used by mission specialists William Shepherd and Bruce Melnick. The system allows the astronauts to control the cameras hands-free using simple verbal commands, such as "stop, up, down, zoom in, zoom out, left, right." The VCS unit is installed in Discovery's aft flight deck, in an instrument panel directly below the standard closed circuit television displays and controls. Shepherd and Melnick will operate the VCS at least three times each during the mission. The original television displays and controls on board Discovery will be used for standard operations during the flight. When the VCS is powered on, the manual controls will remain operational, and the cameras can be controlled using either method. The VCS displays and controls are a 2- by 10-inch fluorescent display and three switches, a power switch, mode switch and reset switch. Voice commands from Shepherd and Melnick have been recorded prior to the flight and voice templates inside the VCS were made to allow the computer to recognize them. When using the VCS, the mission specialist will wear a special headset with a microphone that feeds the verbal commands into the system. If successful, the VCS could be incorporated as standard equipment aboard the Shuttle, allowing much simpler television operations. Such simplification could greatly reduce the amount of hands-on work needed for television operations during such times as maneuvers with the Shuttle's remote manipulator system robotic arm. Normally, an astronaut controlling the arm uses two hands for the task and must remove one hand to adjust television coverage. Information from this flight can determine if microgravity affects the user's voice patterns in a way that can inhibit the VCS's ability to recognize them. RADIATION MONITORING EQUIPMENT-III The Radiation Monitoring Equipment-III measures ionizing radiation exposure to the crew within the orbiter cabin. RME-III measures gamma ray, electron, neutron and proton radiation and calculates -- in real time -- exposure in RADS-tissue equivalent. The information is stored in memory modules for post-flight analysis. The hand-held instrument will be stored in a middeck locker during flight except for activation and memory module replacement periods. RME-III will be activated as soon as possible after achieving orbit and will operate throughout the mission. A crew member will enter the correct mission elapsed time upon activation and change memory modules every two days. RME-III is the current configuration, replacing the earlier RME-I and RME-II units. RME-III last flew on STS-31. The experiment has four zinc- air batteries and five AA batteries in each replaceable memory module. RME-III is sponsored by the Department of Defense in cooperation with NASA. STS-41 CREW BIOGRAPHIES Richard N. Richards, 44, Capt., USN, will serve as commander. Selected as an astronaut in 1980, he considers St. Louis, Mo., his hometown. Richards will be making his second space flight. Richards served as pilot of STS-28, a dedicated Department of Defense mission launched Aug. 8, 1989. He graduated from Riverview Gardens High School, St. Louis, in 1964. Richards received a bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Missouri in 1969 and received a master of science degree in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida in 1970. Commissioned as a Navy Ensign upon graduation from the University of Missouri, Richards was designated a Naval aviator in August 1970. His flight experience has included more than 4,000 hours in 16 different types of aircraft, including more than 400 aircraft carrier landings. Robert D. Cabana, 41, Lt. Col., USMC, will serve as pilot. Selected as an astronaut in 1985, Cabana considers Minneapolis, his hometown. He will be making his first space flight. Cabana graduated from Washburn High School, Minneapolis, in 1967 and received a bachelor of science degree in mathematics from the Naval Academy in 1971. He has logged more than 3,700 flying hours in 32 different types of aircraft, including the AD-1 oblique wing research aircraft. At NASA, Cabana has worked as the Astronaut Office Space Shuttle flight software coordinator, deputy chief of aircraft operations and lead astronaut in the Shuttle avionics integration laboratory, where the orbiter's flight software is tested. Bruce E. Melnick, 40, Comdr., USCG, will serve as Mission Specialist 1 (MS1). Selected as an astronaut in 1987, he was born in New York, but considers Clearwater, Fla., his hometown. He will be making his first space flight. Melnick graduated from Clearwater High School in 1967 and attended Georgia Tech in 1967-68. He received a bachelor of science degree in engineering from the Coast Guard Academy in 1972 and received a master of science in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida in 1975. At NASA, Melnick has served on the astronaut support personnel team and currently represents the Astronaut Office in the assembly and checkout of the new Space Shuttle orbiter Endeavour at the contractor facilities in Downey and Palmdale, Ca. William M. Shepherd, 41, Capt., USN, will serve as Mission Specialist 2 (MS2). Selected by NASA as an astronaut in 1984, he was born in Oak Ridge, Tenn. Sheperd will be making his second space flight. Shepherd served as Mission Specialist on STS-27, a dedicated Department of Defense flight, launched Dec. 2, 1988. Shepherd graduated from Arcadia High School, Scottsdale, Ariz., in 1967. He received a bachelor of science degree in aerospace engineering from the Naval Academy in 1971 and received degrees of ocean engineer and master of science in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1978. Thomas D. Akers, 39, Major, USAF, will serve as Mission Specialist 3 (MS3). Selected as an astronaut in 1987, he considers Eminence, Mo., his hometown. This will be Akers first space flight. Akers currently serves as the Astronaut Office focal point for Space Shuttle software development and the integration of new computer hardware for future Shuttle missions. Akers graduated from Eminence High School, valedictorian of his class. After graduating from the University of Missouri-Rolla in 1975, he spent 4 years as the high school principal in his hometown of Eminence. He joined the Air Force in 1979 and was serving as executive officer to the Armament Division's deputy commander for research, development and acquisition at Eglin AFB, Fl., when selected for the astronaut program. MISSION MANAGEMENT TEAM NASA HEADQUARTERS Washington, D.C. Richard H. Truly Administrator J.R. Thompson Deputy Administrator Dr. William B. Lenoir Associate Administrator, Office of Space Flight Robert L. Crippen Director, Space Shuttle Leonard S. Nicholson Deputy Director, Space Shuttle (Program) Brewster Shaw Deputy Director, Space Shuttle (Operations) Lennard A. Fisk Associate Administrator, Space Science and Applications Alphonso V. Diaz Deputy Associate Administrator, Space Science and Applications Dr. Wesley Huntress Director, Solar System Exploration Division Frank A. Carr Deputy Director, Solar System Exploration Division Robert F. Murray Program Manager Dr. J. David Bohlin Program Scientist ESA HEADQUARTERS Paris, France Prof. Reimar Luest Director General Dr. Roger Bonnet Director of Scientific Programmes David Dale Head of Scientific Projects Derek Eaton Project Manager EUROPEAN SPACE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY CENTRE Noordwijk, The Netherlands Marius Lefevre Director Derek Eaton Manager, Ulysses Project Dr. Klaus-Peter Wenzel Ulysses Project Scientist Koos Leertouwer Ground/Launch Operations Manager Ulysses Project Alan Hawkyard Integration Manager Ulysses Project Peter Caseley Science Instruments Manager Ulysses Project EUROPEAN SPACE OPERATIONS CENTRE Darmstadt, Germany Kurt Heftmann Director Felix Garcia-Castaner Operations Department Head Dave Wilkins Spacecraft Operations Division Head Peter Beech Mission Operations Manager Nigel Angold Spacecraft Operations Manager JET PROPULSION LABORATORY Pasadena, Calif. Lew Allen Director Peter T. Lyman Deputy Director John R. Casani Assistant Laboratory Director for Flight Projects Willis G. Meeks Project Manager Dr. Edward J. Smith Project Scientist Donald D. Meyer Mission Operations and Engineering Manager John R. Kolden Integration and Support Manager Gene Herrington Ground Systems Manager Joe L. Luthey Mission Design Manager Tommy A. Tomey Science Instruments Manager JOHNSON SPACE CENTER Houston, Texas Aaron Cohen Director Paul J. Weitz Deputy Director Daniel Germany Manager, Orbiter and GFE Projects Donald R. Puddy Director, Flight Crew Operations Eugene F. Kranz Director, Mission Operations Henry O. Pohl Director, Engineering Charles S. Harlan Director, Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER Huntsville, Ala. Thomas J. Lee Director Jay Honeycutt Deputy Director (Acting) G. Porter Bridwell Manager, Shuttle Projects Office Dr. George F. McDonough Director, Science and Engineering Alexander A. McCool Director, Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance G. Porter Bridwell Acting Manager, Solid Rocket Motor Project Cary H. Rutland Manager, Solid Rocket Booster Project Jerry W. Smelser Manager, Space Shuttle Main Engine Project Gerald C. Ladner Manager, External Tank Project Sidney P. Saucier Manager, Space Systems Project Office Acting Manager, Upper Stage Projects Office KENNEDY SPACE CENTER Merritt Island, Fla. Forrest S. McCartney Director James A Thomas Deputy Director Robert B. Sieck Launch Director George T. Sasseen Shuttle Engineering Director John T. Conway Director, Payload Management and Operations Joanne H. Morgan Director, Payload Project Management