yee@trident.arc.nasa.gov (Peter E. Yee) (02/19/91)
Interaction of the outer plume regions with the atmosphere will be characterized, as well as the region near the exit nozzle. The single engine OMS firings for these observations represent the first time such firings have been attempted in space by the orbiter. The Chemical Release Observations (CRO) will be carried out by deploying each of the three CRO subsatellites from the cargo bay at about 3.5 feet per second, allowing them to separate until the subsatellite trails the SPAS-II by 50 to 200 km in orbit. Release will be timed such that, at that range, the CRO subsatellite will pass over Vandenberg AFB (VAFB) in Southern California. A signal from VAFB will cause the subsatellite to send telemetry measurements of its health and status. Then another signal (moments later on the same pass or on the next pass) will cause the subsatellite to expel a stream of chemical which will quickly vaporize into a cloud, while being observed from SPAS-II sensors, ground sensors at VAFB and airborne sensors on the ARGUS aircraft, simultaneously. Spectral information will permit characterization of the chemical interactions with the atmosphere and solar energy, as well as determine the aerosol distribution of the chemicals with respect to particle size and expansion rate. The chemicals released are 15 pounds of nitrogen tetroxide, 52 pounds of unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine and 60 pounds of monomethyl hydrazine, released in that order. These observations will assist the SDIO in characterizing the signature from liquid fuel clouds escaping from damaged ICBM boosters. The subsatellites will be tracked and commanded by personnel from the USAF 659th Test and Evaluation Group, supported by Federal Electric Corporation, using assets of the Western Test Range at VAFB. Aircraft sensor platform operations for collecting CRO data in the VAFB area are provided by the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization's High Altitude Observatory (HALO) aircraft operated by Aeromet Inc., Tulsa, Okla., with instrument support by Automated Sciences Group, Inc., Huntsville, Ala. for the U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command. The CIV experiment is intended to provide on-orbit spectral data to examine a theory which holds that many gases (including rocket combustion products) can be ionized if they are passed through a magnetized plasma and their kinetic energy is caused to exceed their ionization potential. Ions so created would then flow along the local magnetic lines of force and generate emissions which can be detected by space-borne sensors, thereby permitting tracking of the vehicle releasing the gases. In the CIV experiment, gases under pressure will be ejected at different angles to the orbiter velocity (such that collisions with the thin orbital atmosphere will enhance ionization) and to the local magnetic field lines. The SPAS-II will be "parked" about 2 km away, taking spectral data on the gas plumes, and other instruments in the CIV package (radiometers and a Langmuir probe) will take data as well. The gases used will be xenon (low ionization potential - should definitely ionize), neon (very high potential - should not ionize), carbon dioxide and nitric oxide (typical exhaust products form hypergolic fueled rockets). SPAS-II also will be used to take spatial and spectral measurements of the Earth's atmosphere as viewed at the horizon (called the "Earth's limb" at various altitudes above the surface. Such data is necessary to establish the background against which an approaching ICBM would be viewed by a sensor system as the ICBM came over the horizon. For the same reason, measurements will be taken of the Earth's surface under many conditions of light and darkness, hard earth and water, clouds and cloudlessness. Yet another geophysical type of data which will be measured for the same reasons will be auroral emissions (Northern and Southern Lights) as available. Finally, to characterize the effects of contaminating materials coming from a sensor platform itself, the environment around the orbiter will be measured by the SPAS-II "parked" nearby. These measurements will be taken with the orbiter in a "quiet" state, as well as during fuel cell purges, water dumps, thruster firings and other contaminating events. Measurements also will be taken of the "orbiter glow" phenomenon. This phenomenon occurs where the rarified atmosphere strikes orbiter surfaces, especially the tail, causing visible and infrared radiance. Theories on the mechanism, including reactions with atomic oxygen, chemiluminescence and gas phase collisions, will be investigated and hopefully better understood. This phenomenon also may occur on orbiting SDI sensor platforms or target ICBM vehicles. IBSS Plume Observations The objective of the plume experiment is to gather data on the optical signature of rocket plumes. The experiment should permit the characterization of the plumes through spectral, spatial and temporal radiometric measurements in the infrared, ultraviolet and visible bands. Observations will be made of the plumes generated by the orbiter engine firings. The outer regions of the plumes will be examined to determine the interaction with the atmosphere. Observations also will be made to measure the radiative properties near the exit nozzle. Earth Background Experiments The Earth Background experiments will use the IBSS Infrared Sensor and the AIS sensors to characterize the Earth background from the Earth's limb to the hard earth and in areas around the solar specular point. Measurements will consist of Earth's limb and Earth scan observations with SPAS deployed, auroral observations with SPAS on the RMS, and AIS Earth's limb observations from in the bay. The Earth's limb observations will include day, night and terminator views. The Earth scan observations are directed at the Earth rather than the limb. These include observations of spatial clutter in CO2 bands, observations of areas around the solar specular point, the terminator and limb to Earth scans. Orbiter Environment Experiment The Orbiter Environment Experiment is an experiment to be performed by the IBSS payload. The orbiter environment observation will use the IBSS infrared sensor and the AIS sensors to characterize the contaminant environment in and around the orbiter payload bay. Observations will be in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. Observations also will be made of the orbiter glow phenomenon. During orbital operations, water dumps are made and thrusters are fired. Gases are released when materials are exposed to the vacuum environment of space. This experiment will observe these and other contaminants in the payload bay. A diffuse near-field glow phenomenon has been observed above spacecraft surfaces subjected to the impact of atmospheric species as the spacecraft travels through the low-Earth orbital atmosphere. It is thought that this phenomenon results from some type of interaction between the ambient atmosphere and the spacecraft surface. Sufficient data does not exist to fully understand the process. A number of mechanisms have been proposed which could give rise to the glow. These include: (1) gas phase collisions, (2) surface-aided chemiluminescence reactions with adsorbates on orbiter surfaces, and (3) surface reactions with the atomic oxygen environment leading to material loss or compositional changes. The spectrum of the glow is relatively diffuse and based primarily in the red-infrared region. The glow intensity is dependent upon the surface orientation to the velocity vector. The glow intensity seems to vary as a function of the atomic oxygen density. The glow intensity seems to vary depending upon the type of material. IBSS Participants Program Management Strategic Defense Initiative Organization. Washington, D.C. Integration of Payload and Operations with Shuttle HQ Space Systems Division Los Angeles Air Force Base, Calif. The Aerospace Corporation Los Angeles, Calif. Federal Electric Corporation Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif. Rockwell International Downey, Calif. 6595th TEG/DTR and Western Test Range Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif. Develop Payload Strategic Defense Initiative Organization Washington, D.C. Messerschmidt-Bolkow-Blohm Germany Defense Systems, Inc. McLean, Va. Physical Sciences, Inc. Andover, Mass. Orbital Systems, Ltd. Lanham, Md. SKW Corporation Arlington, Va. Nichol Research Corp. McLean, Va. Geophysics Directorate of Phillips Laboratory Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass. Phillips Laboratory's West Coast Office Los Angeles Air Force Base, Calif. University of Arizona Tucson, Ariz. Training Hernandez Engineering Corp. Houston, Texas STS-39 SPAS/IBSS RENDEZVOUS & TRACKING OPERATIONS Rendezvous and tracking maneuvers in support of IBSS operations during STS-39 present many significant challenges to Space Shuttle mission operations. More than 60 orbiter maneuvers are planned to support the various phases of SPAS/IBSS rendezvous, including IBSS calibrations, deployment, separation, far-field observations, near-field observations, CRO subsatellite deployments and observations, and SPAS retrieval and berthing. Separation to Far-field Following the deployment of the SPAS/IBSS imaging platform, the crew will perform an acceleration, or posigrade burn, firing Discovery's reaction control system (RCS) thrusters to raise Discovery's orbit about 1 statute mile above the SPAS. The effect of this maneuver will drift Discovery to a point about 6 1/2 statute miles behind the SPAS, the required distance for far-field observations. Arriving at that point one orbit after the separation burn, the crew will fire the RCS to brake Discovery and place it again in the same orbit with the SPAS. Deployment and separation are scheduled to occur while both crew shifts are awake. Far-field Operations Following a crew shift handover at the far-field position, the Red Team will maneuver Discovery to point its nose north, with the payload bay pointed in the direction of orbital travel -- toward SPAS, 6 1/2 miles ahead. OMS Plume Observation From this position, the crew will remotely command the SPAS/IBSS to point its imaging systems at Discovery for the first plume observation. Once the experiments are properly trained on Discovery, one orbital maneuvering system (OMS) engine will be fired for 20 seconds. The result of the burn will be to propel Discovery north, off of its previous orbital groundtrack, without changing the spacecraft's altitude. A burn with this lateral effect is known as "out-of-plane." Immediately following the burn, the crew will perform a "fast-flip" yaw maneuver, using RCS jets to turn Discovery's nose around 180 degrees to the south. A single-engine OMS braking burn then will be performed to stop Discovery's travel at a point less than a mile north of its previous groundtrack. Using RCS jets, the crew will return Discovery to its starting position, on its original groundtrack behind the SPAS. As Discovery drifts back to the starting point, a "fast-flip" reversal will turn the spacecrafts nose back to the north. Throughout this sequence, the crew will point the SPAS/IBSS by remote control to observe each burn. Far-field observations will continue following the Blue Team's sleep shift. Due to the complexities involved, all OMS burns will be conducted only when both crew shifts are awake and able to participate. Discovery will remain at the far-field position during the Blue Team's sleep, and the Red Team will continue SPAS/IBSS operations, conducting Earth's limb observations by remote control. Following the Blue Team's sleep shift, while both teams are awake, the same sequence of maneuvers will be repeated twice in support of two additional plume observations. PRCS Plume Observation The final IBSS objective at the far-field position will be an observation of Discovery's primary RCS jets firing. In the same attitude used for OMS plume observations, the crew again will align SPAS/IBSS to train it's optics on the vehicle and then ignite one of the primary thrusters for 25 seconds. Far-field CRO Release After the far-field plume observations have been completed and while the Red Team sleeps, the Blue Team will eject the first CRO canister from the payload bay at a rate of 3.5 feet per second (fps) to an altitude just above that of Discovery and SPAS. Just after it is ejected from the payload bay, antennae on the canister will deploy, providing a remote command link to investigators at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB). The canister will drift during several orbits to the desired distance for IBSS imaging, where VAFB investigators will remotely command the canister to release its gaseous contents. CRO gas releases and observations will begin after near-field operations have been completed. Transition to Near-field To reach the near-field observations position, the crew will perform a slowing, or retrograde, RCS burn to slightly lower Discovery's orbit. The effect of the burn, over the next orbit, will move Discovery to within 1 5 statute miles behind the SPAS. As Discovery approaches that point, another RCS burn will brake the orbiter, placing it directly behind SPAS on the same orbital path, less than 1.5 miles behind. Near-field Operations: OMS Plume Observations At the near-field position with both crew teams awake, Discovery again will be maneuvered to the "nose-north" start attitude which was used for far-field observations. The same out-of-plane OMS burn sequence will be repeated twice for near-field plume observations. The crew will continue to point the SPAS/IBSS imaging systems by remote control to set up and record each observation. Near-field Operations: CIV Observations Before leaving the near-field position, the crew will train SPAS/IBSS imaging systems on Discovery's payload bay to observe and document a sequence of gas releases from CIV canisters mounted in the bay. CRO Observations Following completion of near-field operations while the Blue Team sleeps, the Red Team will conduct a series of maneuvers to set up IBSS imaging and tracking of the CRO gas-release canisters ejected from Discovery's payload bay. A combination burn, both posigrade and out-of-plane, will be made to further separate Discovery from the SPAS and avoid obscuring it's view of the already deployed canister. The posigrade component of the RCS burn will provide for a slow separation from the SPAS, over 7.5 hours and five orbits, to a distance of 9 miles behind SPAS for the start of retrieval operations. The lateral component will move Discovery off of the direct track between SPAS and the CRO canister so it will not block the line of sight of the SPAS imaging experiments. During this five-orbit separation phase, the crew will remotely command the SPAS/IBSS to track and observe the first CRO canister as VAFB ground controllers remotely command the gas release. Following completion of the first CRO observation, the crew will perform an RCS burn to move Discovery back into alignment with the flight path of the SPAS, but continuing to separate. The crew will then eject a second canister and command the SPAS/IBSS to track and observe another ground-commanded gas release. SPAS/IBSS Retrieval After separating to more than 9 statute miles and with both crew shifts awake again, a retrograde burn will slightly lower Discovery's orbit to overtake the SPAS/IBSS. Several course adjustment burns may be conducted as Discovery nears it's target, in order to arrive directly in front of the SPAS on the same flight path. The crew then will manually maneuver Discovery to within range of the remote manipulator system for capture. STP-1 Overview The STP-1 payload is sponsored by the USAF Space Systems Division. It is a complex secondary payload with experiments that are monitored and controlled by the Hitchhiker avionics. The Hitchhiker equipment for the payload consists of the support structure, the avionics and the experiment containers. This equipment is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). GSFC also provides a carrier, power and communications to the various experiments aboard. The experiments are contained in Get Away Special (GAS) canisters which are already certified for space. GSFC also completes the integration and testing for the experiments. STP-1 is composed of five separate experiments: the Ultraviolet Limb Imaging (UVLIM) experiment, the Advanced Liquid Feed Experiment (ALFE), the Spacecraft Kinetic Infrared Test (SKIRT), the Data System Experiment (DSE) and the Ascent Particle Monitor (APM). STP-1 is considered a secondary payload which means it may not interfere with the two primary payloads. Only a short portion of dedicated time is allocated to the payload, and at other times the experiments are conducted on a non-interference basis. After the Shuttle is in orbit and the payload bay doors are open, the crew will power on the payload. The payload then will be commanded from the ground by a control center located at GSFC. The control center will be operated 24 hours a day to coincide with the 24-hour operations of the Shuttle crew. The control centers for the two primary payloads are located at NASA's Johnson Space Center. There will be constant coordination between the control centers during the flight to execute the mission and to replan should the need arise. Hitchhiker Project The Hitchhiker Project, operated by Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Greenbelt, Md., provides for accommodation of small payloads in the Shuttle payload bay. The Hitchhiker payload for STS-39 is called Space Test Payload-1 (STP-1) and consists of a Hitchhiker cross-bay carrier with five experiments. The carrier hardware includes the cross-bay structure, carrier avionics unit, mounting plates, canisters and a motorized canister door. STP-1 is sponsored by the U.S. Air Force Space Systems Division. Hitchhiker was designed and built at Goddard and will be operated from a control center at GSFC during the mission. The five experiments on STP- 1 are: The Hitchhiker Project is operated by GSFC for the NASA Office of Space Flight. Payloads are provided thermally controlled mounting surfaces or sealed pressurizable canisters, orbiter power, command and data interfaces. The last Hitchhiker mission was in 1986, and the next after STS-39 will be in August 1992, followed by another in October of that year. GSFC Project Manager and Deputy Project Manager are Theodore Goldsmith and Steven Dunker. Chuck Chidekel, also of Goddard, is Integration Manager. The USAF STP-1 Program Manager is Capt. Hau Tran, and NASA Headquarters Program Manager is Edward James. Ultraviolet Limb Imaging (UVLIM) Experiment The objective of the Ultraviolet Limb Imaging experiment, sponsored by the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington D .C., is to measure the vertical and geographic distribution of the ultraviolet airglow in the wavelength region from 575 angstroms to 1900 angstroms. These measurements will be used to determine the daily and seasonal variation of the composition of the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere between the altitudes of 100 and 500 kilometers. The UVLIM experiment requires a 5 cubic foot canister with a motorized door and a mounting plate to house a 35mm aspect camera. The camera will be aligned with the experiment aperture plate to provide simultaneous data which will be correlated with post flight data in determining point location. The experiment uses an extreme ultraviolet imaging spectrometer with a two dimensional detector to make images of the horizon from the airglow emissions which characterize the composition of the ionosphere. The far ultraviolet spectrometer measures emissions indicative of the temperature and composition of the neutral atmosphere. Advanced Liquid Feed Experiment (ALFE) The next generation of spacecraft and space tugs may be one step closer to autonomous operation and longer life due to the technology to be demonstrated in space by the Advanced Liquid Feed Experiment (ALFE). The space flight experiment is designed to evaluate the performance of key components of an advanced spacecraft propulsion system designed and built by the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company (MDAC) under contract to the Phillips Laboratory's Astronautics Directorate. ALFE will provide the first space flight demonstration of an electronic pressure regulator and a series of ultrasonic propellant level and flow sensing systems. These components will provide the capability to remotely and electronically control the pressurization schedule of spacecraft propellant tanks to accurately gauge the available on-board propellants and to reliably track the propellant usage throughout the mission. The experiment also will demonstrate the capability to integrate all storable propellant on-board the spacecraft by transferring attitude control system propellants into the main engine tanks and vice versa. The experiment is designed to use commercially available components to build two hardware modules weighing approximately 250 pounds each. The first module is an electronic package which will function as the remote test conductor aboard the Shuttle. It contains an on-board computer and associated electronics necessary for performing the experiment and recording the data. The module will provide the command and control for the experiment. It also will provide the communication link to transfer experiment telemetry and video signals to the ground based operator located at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The second module is the fluid system module. It contains two test tanks, an electronic pressure regulator, an ultrasonic liquid gauging system and the associated instrumentation, pumps and valves. The items of interest are the test tanks, the electronic pressure regulator and the ultrasonic liquid gauging system. The test tanks are made of Plexiglas and are scaled to represent a 1/4 scale of the actual system. Internally, each of these tanks is fitted with a liquid acquisition device for liquid positioning in the low gravity environment of space, and a screen device to preclude the ingestion of gas bubble into the lines. During the experiment, various quantities of fluid will be transferred between two tanks to simulate a hypothetical resupply scenario in space. The electronic pressure regulator, built by Parker Hannifin of Irvine, Calif., will control the pressure of the test tank during flight. It has a unique capability to provide a smooth ramp-up of tank pressure when commanded in contrast with the typical burst disk system. The regulator also has the capability to control the downstream pressure to different pressure settings. This will enable better management of the limited quantity of the precious pressurized gas carried by the spacecraft. The ultrasonic liquid gauging system, supplied by Panametrics in Waltham, Mass., will provide an advanced approach to measure and track the liquid propellant usage. The system consists of a group of six ultrasonic point sensors and an ultrasonic flow cell. The point sensors, using the pulse-echo effect, measure the time delays for the ultrasonic pulses and their echoes to transit through the fluid to the gas-liquid interface. From these time measurements, the amount of the liquid contained within the tank can be calculated. Using a similar approach, the ultrasonic flow cell measures the time delay between two simultaneous ultrasonic pulses along a fluid line to calculate the propellant flow. When flown, the ALFE on-board computer will accept commands from the ground based operator located at NASA's GSFC and will configure the payload for the desired test sequence. An internal wide angle television camera will record the fluid settling characteristics under various acceleration loads. Experiment data will be both stored on-board in the electronic module and transmitted to the ground based operator. The results will be used in further updating the design of the advanced spacecraft feed system. Spacecraft Kinetic Infrared Test (SKIRT) The Spacecraft Kinetic Infrared Test (SKIRT), sponsored by Phillips Laboratory's Geophysics Directorate, consists of two separate and independent components. The Gaseous Luminosity of Optical Surface (GLOS) consists of infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiometers combined into one package weighing 50 pounds. The Circular Variable Filter (CVF) is a solid nitrogen cooled infrared spectrometer/radiometer mounted in a sealed canister with an aperture in the top plate. A motor driven cover is commanded open and closed on-orbit to cover the aperture as needed. A "glow plate" attached to the top plate provides a surface for impingement of the residual atmosphere to produce the glow which is then observed by the spectrometer. CVF weighs approximately 150 pounds with cryogen. The experiment objective is to obtain infrared spectral measurements of the Shuttle glow at resolutions and sensitivity that will allow identification of the chemical species associated with this phenomenon. Since the Shuttle glow effect is thought to be caused by the impact of atomic oxygen on the orbiter surfaces, it is only necessary that surfaces near the SKIRT field-of-view be exposed to ram (direction) at various times during the mission. Ascent Particle Monitor (APM) The Ascent Particle Monitor (APM), sponsored by USAF Space Systems Division's Operating Location detachment in Houston Texas, consists of a small box with a fixed door and a movable door mounted in a clamshell arrangement atop an aluminum housing. Each door contains six coupon holders into which selected passive witness samples are installed. The door is closed preflight to protect the coupons from the environment. It is opened after ground operations are completed and the payload bay doors are about to be closed in preparation for launch. A motor/gearbox assembly, two battery packs, launch detection circuitry and door opening circuitry are contained within the aluminum housing of the unit. The electric motor is used to open and close the door so that particles can be collected at specific times during Shuttle ascent. An internal timing circuit set prior to installation of the APM into the orbiter payload bay to control the door movement. The timer circuit is acoustically actuated by orbiter main engine start. The concept of the APM experiment evolved as a direct response to concerns by the spacecraft community about the fallout of particles in the Shuttle orbiter payload bay during the ascent portion of the missions. Particulate contaminants on Shuttle bay surfaces and on surfaces of payloads in the cargo bay may be released during launch and ascent by vibroacoustic, gravitational and aerodynamic forces. These particles can be deposited on surfaces from which they were released or on other surfaces depending on location acceleration and velocity vectors with respect to such surfaces. Many analytical models of particle redistribution have been made using assumed ascent forces during launch, but most models are based on uniform redistribution of particles. Insufficient experiment data exist on particle fallout and deposition during Shuttle ascent to verify current models. The understanding of particle redistribution on surfaces and releases of particles into the field of view of instruments incorporating critical sensors is important in view of the influence the particles may have on the properties of the surfaces on which they are deposited and on the optical degradation of the environment into which they may escape. Some of the effects of particles on surfaces and in the environment are physical obscuration of the surface, scattering of radiation which changes the transmitting or reflecting properties, increased diffuse reflection of the surface, and emission of radiation by the particles which may be detrimental to certain sensors. The first APM flew on the STS-28 mission and the flight coupons were analyzed in the Materials Science Laboratory of the Aerospace Corporation in Los Angeles, Calif. Various analytical techniques were used to evaluate the contaminants, including optical and scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The coupons also were examined at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center at Greenbelt, Md., using bidirectional reflectance distribution function scatter measurements. The APM also flew on STS-31 (Hubble Space Telescope), and is manifested on STS-37 (Gamma Ray Observatory payload). Data System Experiment (DSE) The Data System Experiment (DSE), sponsored by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., consists of a MILVAX computer, Erasable Optical Disk, and associated simulators and interfaces. The simulators would generate data to be used to exercise the computer and the optical disk. The objective of the DSE is to evaluate the performance of the computer and disk in a micro gravity environment. The optical disk system stem consists of an erasable optical disk drive unit and a removable cartridge media. Both are designed for reliable use under a variety of environmental conditions. STP-1 PARTICIPANTS Overall Project Management Space Systems Division, Los Angeles AFB, Calif. Responsible for integration of flight hardware, production of flight and ground safety packages, and performance of all integrated systems testing: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Organizations Responsible for the Experiments Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D.C. Ultraviolet Limb Imaging Experiment (UVLIM) Phillips Laboratory's Astronautics Directorate Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. Advanced Liquid Feed Experiment (ALFE) Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass. Spacecraft Kinetic Infrared Test (SKIRT) USAF Space Systems Division Detachment OL-AW, Houston, Tex. Ascent Particle Monitor (APM) NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Md. Data System Experiment (DSE) MULTI-PURPOSE EXPERIMENT CANISTER (MPEC) The Multi-Purpose Experiment Canister (MPEC) carries a classified experiment sponsored by the USAF Space Systems Division (SSD). The canister, a modified Get Away Special (GAS) container, is mounted on a beam attached to the starboard sidewall of orbiter cargo bay 6. The modified canister includes a 9-inch extension containing an ejection kit, electronics and a full diameter motorized door assembly. The experiment is scheduled to be deployed from the cargo bay on the last day of the mission. However, deployment can occur earlier on a contingency basis. The crew provides power to the MPEC via the standard switch panel located in the crew compartment. The crew will send a command to open the canister door and, after verifying that the door is open, will arm the ejection mechanism and send the deployment command. The experiment is ejected with a relative velocity of about 2.7 ft/sec by a spring mechanism. After ejection, the canister door will be closed and power removed from the canister. CLOUDS 1A The overall objective of the CLOUDS-1A program is to quantify the variation in apparent cloud cover as a function of the angle at which clouds of various types are viewed. The CLOUDS-1A experiment is stowed in a middeck locker and consists of a Nikon F3/T camera assembly and film. On-orbit, a crew member will take a series of high resolution photographs of individual cloud scenes, preferably high "wispy" cirrus clouds, over a wide range of viewing angles. RADIATION MONITORING EQUIPMENT-III Radiation Monitoring Equipment-III (RME-III) measures the rate and dosage of ionizing radiation to the crew at different locations throughout the orbiter cabin. The hand-held instrument measures gamma ray, electron, neutron and proton radiation and calculates the amount of exposure. The information is stored in memory modules for post-flight analysis. RME-III will be stored in a middeck locker during flight except for when it is turned on and when memory modules are replaced every 2 days. It will be activated as soon as possible after achieving orbit and will operate throughout the flight. To activate the instrument, a crew member will enter the correct mission elapsed time. The instrument contains a liquid crystal display for real-time data readings and a keyboard for function control. It has four zinc-air batteries and five AA batteries in each replaceable memory module and two zinc-air batteries in the main module. RME-III, which has flown on STS-31 and STS-41, is the current configuration, replacing the earlier RME-I and RME-II units. The Department of Defense, in cooperation with NASA, sponsors the data gathering instrument. STS-39 CREW BIOGRAPHIES Michael L. Coats, 45, Capt., USN, will serve as commander. Selected as an astronaut in 1978, he considers Riverside, Calif., his hometown. STS-39 will be Coats' third space flight. Coats was pilot on STS-41D, launched Aug. 30, 1984, the maiden flight of Discovery. Coats next commanded mission STS-29 aboard Discovery, launched March 13, 1989, to deploy a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite. Coats graduated from Ramona High School, Riverside, in 1964, received a bachelor of science from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1968; a master of science in the administration of science and technology from George Washington University in 1977; and a master of science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in 1979. He was designated a naval aviator upon graduation from Annapolis in 1969 and was assigned to Attack Squadron 192 aboard the USS Kitty Hawk for 2 years, flying 315 combat missions in Southeast Asia. He then served as a flight instructor with the A-7E Readiness Training Squadron at the Naval Air Station in Lenmoore, Calif., for a year before attending the Naval Test Pilot School. Afterward, he was project officer and test pilot for the A-7 and A-4 aircraft for 2 years before becoming a flight instructor at the Test Pilot School in 1976. Coats has logged more than 5,000 hours of flying time in more than 28 different aircraft and 264 hours in space. L. Blaine Hammond, Jr., 38, Major, USAF, will serve as Pilot. Selected as an astronaut in 1984, Hammond was born in Savannah, Ga., and will make his first space flight. Hammond graduated from Kirkwood High School, Kirkwood, Mo., in 1969; received a bachelor of science in engineering science and mechanics from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1973; and received a master of science in engineering science and mechanics from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1974. Hammond earned his wings at Reese Air Force Base, Texas, in 1975 and was assigned to the 496th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Hahn Air Base, Germany, flying the F-4E. In 1979, he spent a year at Williams Air Force Base, Ariz., flying the F-5B/E/F and training foreign students. Hammond then attended the Empire Test Pilot School at A&AEE Boscombe Down, England. He returned to Edwards Air Force Base in 1982 and was assigned as an instructor at the Air Force Test Pilot School, a position he held at the time of his selection by NASA. Hammond has logged more than 3,100 hours flying 15 different American and 10 different English aircraft. Gregory J. Harbaugh, 34, will serve as Mission Specialist 1 (MS1). Harbaugh, selected as an astronaut in 1987, considers Willoughby, Ohio, to be his hometown and will make his first space flight. Harbaugh graduated from Willoughby South High School in 1974; received a bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University in 1978; and received a master of science in physical sciences from the University of Houston-Clear Lake in 1986. Harbaugh came to NASA upon his graduation from Purdue and served in engineering and management positions at JSC until his selection as an astronaut. Harbaugh supported Shuttle operations in Mission Control for most flights from STS-1 through STS-51L, working as a Data Processing Systems (DPS) flight controller and later as a Shuttle Planning and Analysis Manager, the senior flight controller interface with the engineering community. He also has a commercial pilot's license and has logged more than 1,000 hours flying time. Donald R. McMonagle, 38, Lt. Col., USAF, will serve as Mission Specialist 2 (MS2). Selected as an astronaut in 1987, he was born in Flint, Mich., and will make his first space flight. McMonagle graduated from Hamady High School, Flint, Mich., in 1970; received a bachelor of science in astronautical engineering from the Air Force Academy in 1974; and a master of science in mechanical engineering from California State University-Fresno in 1985. He completed pilot training on the F-4 in 1975 and was assigned a year-long tour of duty at Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. He returned to Holloman AFB, N.M., in 1977 for training on the F-15, and, in 1979, was assigned as an F-15 instructor at Luke AFB, Ariz. In 1981, he attended the Air Force Test Pilot School and graduated as the outstanding pilot of his class. From 1982-1985, he was the operations officer and test pilot for the Advanced Fighter Technology Integration (AFTI) F-16. He then attended the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell AFB, Ala., for 1 year before being assigned as operations officer for the 6513th Test Squadron at Edwards AFB, Calif., where he was stationed at the time of his selection by NASA. McMonagle has logged more than 3,400 hours flying time in a variety of aircraft. Guion S. Bluford, 48, Col., USAF, will serve as Mission Specialist 3 (MS3). Selected as an astronaut in 1979, Bluford was born in Philadelphia, Pa., and will make his third space flight. Bluford graduated from Overbrook High School, Philadelphia, in 1960; received a bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from Pennsylvania State University in 1964; received a master of science in the same subject from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1974; received a doctorate in aerospace engineering with a minor in laser physics from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1978; and received a master of business administration from the University of Houston-Clear Lake in 1987. He served as a mission specialist on STS-8, launched Aug. 30, 1983, the third flight of Challenger and first mission with a night launch and landing. During the flight, the crew deployed the Indian National Satellite (INSAT-1B) and operated the remote manipulator system with a test article. His next flight was as a mission specialist aboard Challenger on STS 61-A, launched Oct. 30, 1985, with the German D-1 Spacelab. Bluford has logged more than 314 hours in space. C. Lacy Veach, 46, will serve as Mission Specialist 4 (MS4). Selected as an astronaut in 1984, Veach considers Honolulu his hometown and will make his first space flight. Veach graduated from Punahou School in 1962 and received a bachelor of science in engineering management from the Air Force Academy in 1966. Veach was commissioned in the Air Force upon graduation from the Academy and received his pilot wings in 1967. For 14 years, he served as a fighter pilot with a variety of assignments in the United States and overseas, including a 275-mission combat tour in Southeast Asia and 2 years with the Air Force Demonstration Squadron, the Thunderbirds. Veach left active duty in 1981, but continues to fly with the Texas Air National Guard. He began work at NASA in 1982 as an engineer and research pilot, serving as an instructor pilot in the Shuttle Training Aircraft until his selection as an astronaut. He has logged more than 4,500 flying hours. Richard J. Hieb, 35, will serve as Mission Specialist 5 (MS5). Selected as an astronaut in 1986, he considers Jamestown, N.D., his hometown and will make his first space flight. Hieb graduated from Jamestown High School in 1973; received a bachelor of arts in math and physics from Northwest Nazarene College in 1977; and received a master of science in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado in 1979. Hieb began work for NASA after graduating from the University of Colorado, serving in the crew procedures development and crew activity planning areas. He worked in Mission Control for ascent during STS-1 and specialized in rendezvous and proximity operations for numerous subsequent flights. NASA SPACE SHUTTLE MANAGEMENT NASA Headquarters Office of Space Flight Washington, D.C. Dr. William B. Lenoir - Associate Administrator Robert L. Crippen - Director, Space Shuttle Leonard S. Nicholson - Deputy Director, Space Shuttle (Program) Brewster Shaw - Deputy Director, Space Shuttle (Operations) Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center, Fla. Forrest S. McCartney - Director Jay Honeycutt - Director, Shuttle Management & Operations Robert B. Sieck - Launch Director John T. Conway - Director, Payload Management & Operations Joanne H. Morgan - Director, Payload Project Management Roelf Schuiling - STS-39 Payload Manager Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Ala. Thomas J. Lee - Director Dr. J. Wayne Littles - Deputy Director G. Porter Bridwell - Manager, Shuttle Projects Office Dr. George F. McDonough - Director, Science and Engineering Alexander A. McCool - Director, Safety and Mission Assurance Victor Keith Henson - Manager, Solid Rocket Motor Project Cary H. Rutland - Manager, Solid Rocket Booster Project Jerry W. Smelser - Manager, Space Shuttle Main Engine Project Gerald C. Ladner - Manager, External Tank Project Johnson Space Center Houston, TEXAS Aaron Cohen - Director Eugene F. Kranz - Director, Mission Operations Franklin Brizzolara - Payload Integration Manger Stennis Space Center Bay St. Louis, Miss. John S. Estess - Director Gerald W. Smith - Deputy Director J. Harry Guin - Director, Propulsion Test Operations Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, Calif. Kenneth J. Szalai, Director T.G. Ayers, Deputy Director James R. Phelps, Chief, Shuttle Support Office Department of Defense Payload Management Key Management Participants Martin C. Faga - Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Space Mission Directors Lt. Gen. Donald L. Cromer - Commander, Space Systems Division Col. John E. Armstrong - Program Manager, Space Test and Transportation System Office CARGO Operations Officers Maj. Robert Crombie - SSD/CLPC Capt. Linda Wolters - SSD/CLPC IBSS Program Directors Mike Harrison - SDIO/TNS Howard Stears - SKW Corp. AFP-675 Program Directors Capt. Lindley Johnson - SSD/CLPC Capt. Lloyd Johnson - SSD/CLPC STP-1 Program Directors Ted Goldsmith - GSFC Capt. Hau Tran - SSD/CLPC Key Operations Participants IBSS Operations Directors Capt. Al Locker - GL 1Lt. Ross Balestreri - SSD/CLPC IBSS Test Conductors Jim Covington - Aerospace Scott Bartell - SKW Corp. IBSS Replanners Howard R. Pedolsky - Orbital Systems, Ltd. Larry Sharp - Aerospace AFP-675 Operations Directors Capt. Mike Spencer - SSD/CLPC Capt. Pete Clarke - SSD/CLPC STP-1 Operations Directors Debbie Knapp - GSFC Vic Gehr - GSFC