yehuda@solarium.CWRU.EDU (Yechiel Yehuda) (02/02/89)
I have been reading all the discussions about categorization over
the net and have come to an question I would like to pose to you all.
I hope I can get some feedback and maybe start an interesting discussion.
We in AI discuss categorization, but so do those in Psychology. I
see in their literature a lot of what we here have discussed. I have
compiled a list of some the the articles I have seen on this topic; it
is included with this posting. They discuss the differences in two
models of classification: The Tree and the Net. The tree is a structure
which contains the superordinate category as a root, basic level concepts
as branches, and subordinate items as the leaves. Thus:
living things
/ \
bird fruit
/ \
robin apple
The net is comperable to a Neural Net is which there are weighted
connections between concepts.
They ask: Which model do we employ in our brain?
Wolfgang Klimesch (1987) argues we use a connectionist net in our
proccesing by proving that we process subordinate items faster than high
level concepts; a feature of the parallel net. The tree model predicts
the reverse as there is a search of branches, and thus does not fit the
data Klimesch assembled. He also reports how the net model fits the
prototype data Elenore Rosch (1975) assmbled in her paper on family
resemblence.
My question: If we want to know what model our brain employs (assuming
there are only the two choices), why not look at lower level brain
proccesing? By this I mean, the literature is full of categories in the
conceptual or semantic level, what about physical percepts -- pictures
for instance? How do categorize peceptive items? Is it the same as
semantic categorization? Will this tell us more about the brain?
I welcome you all to present arguments, questions, experiments...
about this topic.
Gil Yehuda
--
Y. Gil Yehuda gil@bach.ces.cwru.edu yehuda@skybridge.sdi.cwru.edu
or .scl.cwru.edu
Math Classical | But could a Turing
Computer Science Rock | Machine have made
Philosophy Jazz | this analogy?
+ Psychology + Blues |
-------------------------- ---------------
Artificial Intelligence New Age
Here is a list of references, if you have any more please post them.
Amari, S. I. (1977). Neural theory of association and concept
forming. Biological Cybernetics, 23, 175-185.
Anderson, J. A., Silverstein, J.W., Ritz, S. A.,& Jones, R. S.
(1977). Distinctive features, categorical perception, and
probability learning: Some applications of a Neural Model.
Psychological Review, 84, 413-451.
Anderson, J.R. (1983). A spreading activation theory of memory.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 261-295.
Carpenter, G. A., & Grossberg, S. (1987). ART2: Self-organization
of stable category recognition codes for analog input patterns.
Applied Optics: special issue on neural networks, 1-23.
Collins A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation
theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428.
Collins A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrival time from
semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8,
240-248.
Estes, W. K. (1986). Memory storage & retrival process in
category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115,
155-174.
Foder, J. A., & Pylyshyn Z. W. (1988). Connections and cognitive
architecture: A critical analysis. Cognition, 28, 3-71.
Gentner, D. (1981). Verb semantic stuctures in memory for
sentances: Evidence for componential representation. Cognitive
Psychology, 13, 56-83.
Hason, S. J. & Kegl, J. (1987). Parsnip: A connectionist network
that learns natural language grammer on exposure to natural language
sentances. Unpublished manuscript, Bell Communications Research \&
Princeton University.
Hofstater, D. R. (1979). Godel, Escher, Bach: An eternal golden
braid. New York: Basic Books.
Hofstater, D. R. (1983). The architecture of Jumbo. Proceedings
of the International Machine Learning Workshop. Monticello Ill., June
1983.
Hofstater, D. R. (1984). The copycat project: An experiment in
nondeterminism and creative analogies. A.I. Memo 755, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.
Klimesch, W. (1987). A connectivity model for semantic
processing. Psychological Research, 49, 53-61.
Merrill, E. C., Sperber, R., McCauley, C., Littlefield, J., Rider, E.
A., & Shapiro, D. (1987). Picture encoding speed and mental
retardation. Intelligence 11, 169-191.
Moeser, S. D. (1979). The role of experemental design in
investigation of the fan effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Human Learning and Memory, 5, 125-134.
Nosofsky, R. M. (1986). Attention, similarity, & the
identification-categorization relationship. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: General, 115, 39-57.
Pinker, S. (1984). Visual cognition: An introduction. Cognition,
Special Issue: Visual Cognition, 8, 1-68.
Rosch, E., & Mervis, C.B. (1975). Family Resemblances: Studies
in the Internal Structure of Categories. Cognitive Psychology 7,
573-605.
Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W. D., Johnson, D. M., & Boyes-Braen,
P. (1976). ---------------Cognitive Psychology, 8, 382-439.
Smith, E. E., & Medin, D. L. (1981). Categories and concepts.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Smolensky, P. (1988). On the proper treatment of connectionism.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 11, 1-74.
Touretzky, D. S., & Geva, S. (1987). A distributed connectionist
representation for concept strucures. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual
Conference of the Cognitive Science Scocoety. Seattle Washington.