tomr@dbase.A-T.COM (Tom Rombouts) (03/29/91)
FAP - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. FASE - Fundamentally Analyzable Simplified English. McMahon, L.E., Bell Labs, Murry Hill, N.J. Sammet, 1969, pg. 720. FAST - FORTRAN Automatic Symbol Translator. Early system on IBM 650 by MITRE Corp. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. Sammet, 1969, pg. 526. FL - Function Level. John Backus's successor to FP. Allows higher higher-order functions to be defined, adds exceptions, user-defined types, and other features. "FL Language Manual, Parts 1 and 2", J. Backus and others, IBM Research Report RJ 7100, 1989. First defined c. 1985 (?) FLAIR - Early system on IBM 650. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. FLAP - Symbolic mathematics. A.H. Morris Jr., U.S. Naval Weapons Lab. Sammet, 1969, p. 506 ff. Flavors: LISP with object-oriented features. flex - Input language of "flex", the GNU project's implementation of "lex". Apparently different than "lex". FLIP - Early system on G-15. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. FLIP-SPUR - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. FLOP - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. FLOW-MATIC or FLOWMATIC - Possibly first (UNIVAC I) English-like DP language. Remington Rand, 1958. Sammet, 1969. (Original name was B-0.) FLPL - FORTRAN Compiled List Processing Language. Package of subroutines for FORTRAN, c. 1960. Sammet, 1969, pg. 388. FOCAL. I read about it in a PDP Digital manual from 1969 or 1970. They claim it is a general purpose language, and it looks about as powerful as BASIC. FOCAL: FOrmula CALculator. Common on DEC machines. FOCAL (FOrmula CALculator) was designed by Digital Equipment Corporation (1969) for PDP-5/PDP-8 minicomputers. FOCAL-69: High level BASIC-style interpreter from DEC. First publication - Small Computer Handbook, Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass., 1969-1970. The next version - FOCAL-1971. (see Programming Languages. - Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass., 1972, p.573). The second life of FOCAL - PDP-11 under RT-11. (see PDP-11 software handbook. - Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass., 1978-79, pp. 503-511) foogol - seen in archives [?] FORC - Early system on IBM 704. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. Force - dBASE dialect for MS-DOS. FOR TRANSIT - Early system on IBM 650. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. FORTRUNCIBLE - Early system on IBM 650. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. FORMAC - FORmula MAnipulation Compiler. Extension of FORTRAN. Sammet and Tobey, IBM Boston APD, 1962. Sammet, 1969, p. 473 ff. Formula ALGOL - Extension of ALGOL. Carnegie Institute of Tech, CDC G-20, 1962. Alan Perlis and R. Iturriaga. Sammet, 1969, pg. 583 ff. FORTH - FORTH 79 - FORTH 83 Fortran 8x: A superset of FORTRAN 77. "Fortran 8x Explained", M. Metcalf, Clarendon Press 1989. FORTRAN - FORmula TRANslator. Developed by IBM for 704. FORTRAN I - 1954 FORTRAN II - 1958 FORTRAN III - This was only distributed to c. 20 sites. See the ACM 1978 History of Programming languages procedings. FORTRAN IV - 1962 FORTRAN V - Preliminary work on adding character handling facilities by IBM c. 1962. This name never really used. FORTRAN VI - Internal IBM name for early PL/I work c. 1963. Sammet, 1969, pg. 540. FMS - FORTRAN Monitor System. Sammet, 1969, pg. 148. [Is this actually an OS?] FORTRAN 77 - FORTRAN 90 - Current FORTRAN standard. FORTRANSIT - FORTRAN Internal Translator. Subset of FORTRAN translated into IT on the IBM 650. Sammet, 1969, pg. 141 ff. FoxBASE+ - dBASE III+-like product from Fox Software, Perrysburg, OH. FoxPRO - dBASE IV-like product from Fox Software, Perrysburg, OH. FP - Backus' combinator based functional programming. Franz LISP - Variant of LISP. FRED - Framework (MS-DOS app) language, Ashton-Tate. Robert Carr. FRINGE - Subcomponent of GE-255 GECOM system. Sorting and merging of data, reports and file maintenance. C. Katz, G.E., 1961. FSL - Formal Semantics Language. Used for compiler writing. Feldman c. 1966. Sammet, 1969, pg. 641. G++ - Implementation of C++ by Free Software Foundation's Project GNU. Gabriel: A graphical DSP language for simulation and real systems. (Note that this is an environment, with an associated programming language, just like the Mathematica system is.) "A Design Tool for Hardware and Software for Multiprocessor DSP Systems," E.A. Lee and E. Goei and J. Bier and S. Bhattacharyya, DSP Systems, Proceedings ISCAS-89, 1989. Gaelic: For automated test programs. Used in military, essentially replaced by ATLAS. GARGOYLE - For compiler writing. J.V. Garwick, CACM, Vol 7, #1, Jan. 1964. GAT - Generalized Algebraic Translator. Improved version of IT. On IBM 650 RAMAC. Sammet, 1969, pg. 142 ff. GATE - Based on IT. Sammet, 1969, p. 139. GECOM - Somewhat akin to COBOL with some ALGOL features added. Comprised of ALGOL, COBOL, FRINGE and TABSOL. FRINGE and TABSOL may not have actually been implemented. Sammet, 1969, p. 329. Gedanken - 1970 Reynolds GEPURS - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. GIM-1 - Generalize Information Management Language. Nelson, Pick, Andrews. Proc. SJCC, Vol. 29, pp. 169-73. GIN: Special-purpose macro assembler used to build the GEORGE 3 operting system for ICL1900 series machines. Glypnir - Similar to ACTUS. GOL - General Operating Language. Subsystem of DOCUS. Sammet, 1969, p. 678. GP - Early system on UNIVAC I or II. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. GOSPL: Graphics-Oriented Signal Processing Language. A graphical DSP language for simulation. (Note that this is an environment, with an associated programming language, just like the Mathematica system is.) C.D. Covington and G.E. Carter and D.W. Summers, Graphic Oriented Signal Processing Language - GOSPL", Proceedings ICASSP-87, 1987. GPL - Generalized Programming Language. General purpose language in spirit of ALGOL. Sammet, 1969, p. 195 ff. GPM - General Purpose Macro-generator. Simular to TRAC. C. Strachey, 1965. Sammet, 1969, pg. 450. GPS - Early AI attempt. Computers and Thought, McGraw-Hill, 1963. [May not have been a language.] Sammet, 1969, p. 466. GPSS - General Purpose Systems Simulator. Discrete simulation problems. Sammet, 1969, p. 653 ff. GPX - Early system on UNIVAC II. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. GRAF - GRaphic Additions to FORTRAN. Added graphic data-type to FORTRAN. Sammet, 1969, p. 674 ff. Graphic Language - For specifying graphic operations. Sammet, 1969, p. 677 ff. GWBASIC - (Supposedly, "Gee Whiz BASIC") GYPSY: Designed for specification and verification of systems software. A program is made up of separately compilable units: routine (procedure, function, or process), type and constant definition. Each unit is provided with a list of access rights. "Report on the Language Gypsy", A.L. Ambler et al., UT Austin ICSCS-CMP-1 Aug 1976. HAL/S - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" by J.G.P. Barnes. Haskell - A non-strict, purely functional language, designed by a committee drawn from the functional programming community. It is named after Haskell B Curry, the logician. There is currently one compiler in general circulation, and at least two more available RSN. P. Hudak and P. Wadler (Eds) "Report on the Programming Language Haskell" Computing Science Department, University of Glasgow, UK. April 1990. Honeywell-800 business compiler - Apparently early name of FACT, c. 1959. Sammet, 1969, p. 327 ff. Hope - 1. Edinburgh, Burstall 70's-80's. Functional programming. 2. An applicative language for parallel computers. [Are these the same?] HyperTalk: The programming language for Machintosh HyperCard. IAL - International Algebraic Language. Original name of ALGOL, c. 1957. ICE - In Circuit Emulator. Term used for virtual CPU emulators used in embedded systems. ICEBOL: Variant of SNOBOL. ICES - Integrated Civil Engineering System. System for Civil Engineers including COGO and facilities for defining new languages. Sammet, 69. ICETRAN - Component of ICES. Extension of FORTRAN IV. Sammet, 1969, p. 617 ff. Icon - Generators, coexpressions, 1970's-80's. Described in "The Icon Programming Language" by Ralph and Marge Griswold. Id: Single assignment language designed for parallel processing. IDS - Integrated Data Store. Extenstion to COBOL involving ringtype lists. GE, c. 1965. Sammet, 1969, p. 376. IFIP - Subset of ALGOL. Sammet, 1969, pg. 180. IFP - Illinois FP. Variant of FP with a significantly different syntax. Arch D. Robison, `The Illinois Functional Programming Interpreter,' Proceedings of 1987 SIGPLAN Conference on Interpreters and Interpretive Techniques, June, 1987. Arch D. Robison, `Illinois Functional Programming: A Tutorial,' BYTE, Feb 1987. IGL: Interactive Graphic Language. Used primarily by Physics researchers at Brooklyn Polytechnic University, uses numerical methods on vectors to approximate continuous function problems that don't have closed form solutions. ILLIAC - Early system on ILLIAC computer. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. IMP : Derivative of BCPL and ALGOL used in systems programming. Used in Edinburgh to code the Edinburgh Multi Access System (EMAS). EMAS was one of the world's first operating systems written in a high level language, apparently pre-dating UNIX. References are in the Journal of the British Computer Society. Info BASIC - Variant of PICK BASIC used with Prime's PRIMOS OS. Information Algebra - Theoretical approach to defining DP. LSG of CODASYL, c. 1962. Sammet, 1969, 709. Inglish: English-like language used for Adventure games like "The Hobbit" (could distinguish between "take the rope and axe" and "take the money and run"). INTELLECT - A query language - Larry Harris, 1977. INTERCAL - INTERCOM 101 - Early system on G-15. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. INTERCOM 1000 - Early system on G-15. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. Interlisp - IPL-I, IPL-II, IPL-III, IPL-IV - Early versions of IPL. Sammet, 1969, p. 388 ff.) IPL-V - Information Processing Language V. The fifth version of this list processing language. Supposedl the first list processing language. Carnegie Institute of Tech, 1957-1961. Sammet, 69. IPL-VI - Later version of IPL. IPL-VC - ? Allueded to in Sammet, 1969. ISIS - dialect of JOSS. Sammet, 1969, p. 217. ISO Pascal - Pascal standard? ISWIM - Landin, functional 1960's ? IT - Internal Translator. Used early for math on IBM 650. Sammet, 69. IT 3 - Early system on IBM 650. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. Iverson's Language - early IBM term for APL? Sammet, 1969, p. 770. J: The latest successor to APL, from Iverson Software. J3B - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" by J.G.P. Barnes. J73 - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" by J.G.P. Barnes. Jade - A strongly-typed language that is object-oriented but without the usual class hierarchy. A type research language. Implemented as a compiler that produces Smalltalk as the output code. Developed in the late 80's at the University of Washington. [The submitter claimed Jade has exactly one user!] JAZ - Early system on LGP-30. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. JCL - Job Control Language. Batch language introduced to set up IBM OS/360 systems. (?) Notoriously difficult to program in. JCS-13 - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. JOSS - JOHNNIAC Open Shop System. Early on-line system for math computations. c. 1964. Sammet, 1969, p. 217 ff. JOSS I - The early on-line version of JOSS. Sammet, 1969, p. 217 ff. JOSS II - Later, larger version of JOSS. Sammet, 1969, p. 223 ff. JOVIAL - Jule's Own Version of IAL. 1960. Sammet, 1969, p. 524 ff. JOVIAL 1 - First version of JOVIAL on IBM 709, c. 1960. Sammet, 1969, p. 525. JOVIAL 2 - Second version of JOVIAL on IBM 709, 7090, c. 1961. Sammet, 1969, p. 525. JOVIAL 3 - The "final version of JOVIAL. 1965. Sammet, 1969, p. 524 ff. Joyce - Language for distributed computers based on CSP and Pascal. Designed by Dr. Per Brinch Hansen, Denmark. JPLDIS - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Display Information System. Query system (based on Tymshare's "Retrieve") for UNIVAC 1108 [or was it PDP's?] written in FORTRAN at JPL, Pasadena, CA by Jack Hatfield, George Masters, W. Van Snyder, Jeb Long and others. Indirectly led to Vulcan which led to dBASE II. JS - Version of JOVIAL. Sammet, 1969, p. 639. JTS - Simple version of JOVIAL. Sammet, 1969, p. 528. K5 - Early system on Larc computer. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. Kaleidoscope: Imperative Object-Oriented constraint programmming language. Developed in the late 80's at the University of Washington and Universite de Nantes. [The submitter claims Kaleidoscope has exactly one user!] KISS - Early system on IBM 650. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. Klerer-May - Two dimensional math expressions. Sammet, 1969, p. 284 ff. KOMPILER 2 - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. KOMPILER 3 - Early system on IBM 704. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. KRC - Kent Recursive Calculus, functional ksh: Korn Shell command shell interpreter in UNIX. L6 - bell telephone Laboratories Low-Level Linked List Language. List processing language. Sammet, 1969. Laning and Zierler - On Whirlwind computer at MIT in 1953. Sammet, 1969. LAP - Assembly language embedded into early LISP. Sammet, 1969, p. 597. LaTex - Variant of Tex. LDT - Logic Design Translator. Computer system design analysis. Sammet, 1969, p. 621 ff. LECOM - Verrsion of COMIT on GE 225 c. 1966. Sammet, 1969, p. 419. LEDA: Combined imperative, O-O, and logic programming language. Developed by Tim Budd at Oregon State. Lex - input language to the "lex" lexical scanner written originally by Tom Lesk. LIMDEP: Linear programming language used by economists. Linc: The Burroughs/Unisys (it's still very current) 4th level language. Designed in New Zealand. LINDA: Language for parallel processing with communication via a shared tuple space (actually, just a subroutine library). Lincoln Reckoner - On-line math system on TX-2, c. 1965.. Sammet, 1969, p. 245 ff. LIPL - Linear IPL. Dupchak, c. 1965. Sammet, 1969, p. 394. LIS - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" by J.G.P. Barnes. LISP - LISt Processing. John McCarthy et al, MIT 1959-60's. LISP 1 - Original version of LISP. LISP 1.5 - Started at MIT, 1959. LISP 1.75 - LISP 1.9 - LISP 2 - ALGOL variant of LISP. Sammet, 1969. Little Smalltalk - *not* the same as Smalltalk. Developed by Tim Budd and distributed over the Internet. Also the subject of a book (by Tim Budd). Hundreds of users, at least. LML - Lazy ML (definition 2) LOGO - Graphical language aimed at children or other programming beginners. Notable for using a turtle to indicate current output position. Developed at MIT by Seymour Papert. LOLITA - Language for the On-Line Investigation and Transformation of Abstractions. Sammet, 1969, p. 464. LOTIS - LOgic, TIming, Sequencing. Describes a computer by describing data flow. Sammet, 1969, p. 620 ff. LOOPS: LISP with object-oriented additions. "The LOOPS Manual, D.G. Bobrow and M. Stefik, Xerox Corp 1983. LPC: A variant of C used to program the LP MUDs, programmable multi-user adventures. Guess-timate: 2-3 000 000 lines of code and growing. Introduced c. 1988. LPG - "Linguaggio Procedure Grafiche" (Italian for "Graphical Procedures Language") Interpreted and compiled language underlying products of CAD.LAB Spa, Bologna, Italy. Roughly a cross between FORTRAN and APL, with graphical-oriented extensions, and several peculiarities. "Graphical Procedure Language user's guide and reference manual", CAD.LAB, Bologna, Italy, 1989, order code GO89/9. Main author of the language is dott. Gabriele Selmi. LT-2 - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. LTR - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" by J.G.P. Barnes. LUCID - Early query language, c. 1965, System Development Corp., Santa Monica, CA. Sammet, 1969, p. 701. Lucid - Ashcroft and Wadge, functional, 1981 Lustre: Synchronous language, a derivative of Lucid. J.L. Bergerand and P. Caspi and N. Halbwachs and D. Pilaud and E. Pilaud, "Outline of a real-time Data-Flow Language", Real Time Systems Symposium, San Diego, Dec. 1985. MAC - Early system on Ferranti Mercury. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. MAC-360 - On-line system of keypunching equations on multiple lines, c. 1967. Sammet, 1969, p. 264. Machiavelli: Based on orthogonal persistence. Developed by Peter Buneman and Atsushi Ohori (University of Pennsylvania); draft paper released 1989; based on standard ML but extends ML's type system. Macsyma - The language for the Macsyma computer algebra system developed at MIT, Symbolics and others in the 1970s and 1980s. MAD - Michigan Algorithm Decoder. Numerical computations. Sammet, 1969, p. 205 ff. MADCAP - Math and set problem. Sammet, 1969, p. 271 ff. MAGIC - Early system on Midac computer. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. Magic Paper - On-line formal algebra system. Sammet, 1969, p. 510 ff. MAINSAIL: From XIDAK, Inc. Used to be in Menlo Park, may now be in Palo Alto. A dialect of SAIL. Make: Time and date file comparision utility that could be called a programming language. Many, many implementations. MAP - Mathematical Analysis without Programming. On-line system under CTSS for math. Sammet, 1969, p. 240 ff. Maple - The interpreted language for the Maple computer algebra system developed at the University of Waterloo (Canada) in the 1980s. Authors include Gaston Gonnet, Keith Geddes, Stephen M. Watt and Michael Monogan. MARY: Norwegian research language, somewhat Algol68-like. Surprising features include total lack of operator precedence!! The back cover of the manual bears the (well-hidden) fragment: MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB - COERCION IMPOSSIBLE MASM - Microsoft Assembler. MS-DOS. Mathcad: Symbolic mathematical environment. (Note that this is an environment, with an associated programming language, just like the Mathematica system is. Mathematica - The interpreted language for the Mathematica computer algebra system developed by Wolfram Research in the late 1980s. MATHLAB - On-line system for formal algebra, MITRE, 1964. Sammet, 1969, p. 491 ff. MATHLAB 68 - Improved version of Mathlab, first on PDP-6, fall of 1967. Sammet, 1969, p. 498 ff. MATH-MATIC or MATHMATIC - Alternate name for AT-3? Early, pre- FORTRAN UNIVAC I or II language. Sammet, 1969. Matlab: Matrix manipulation environment. Note that this is an environment, with an associated programming language, just like the Mathematica system is. The MathWorks, Inc.: (508) 653-1415 Matrix Compiler - Early matrix compuations on UNIVAC. Sammet, 1969, p. 642. MATRIX MATH - Early system on UNIVAC I or II. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. MBASIC - Abbreviation for Microsoft BASIC. MDL: "Muddle", language developed at MIT, was basis for ZIL. me too - A functional language for executable specifications. P. Henderson "Functional Programming, Formal Specification and Rapid Prototyping" IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, Vol SE-12, No 2, Feb 1986. Mercury Autocode: Mercury was another Ferranti machine. Mesa - object based META 2 - META 3 - META 5 - Syntax directed compiling. Sammet, 1969, p. 638 ff. METAFONT: Typesetting language similar to TeX. "The METAFONT Book," Donald Knuth. MIDAS - Digital simulaton language. Sammet, 1969, p. 627. MILITRAN - Discrete simulation for military apps. Sammet, 1969, p. 657 ff. Minitab (Sometimes Mini-tab) - Interactive statistical langauge. Miranda - Turner, functional 1980's. Possibly from the UK. MIRFAC - Mathematics in Recognizable Form Automatically Compiled. Math problems. Sammet, 1969, p. 281 ff. MISHAP - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. MITILAC - Early system on IBM 650. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. MIXAL - MIX Assembly Language. Assembly language for Knuth's hypothetical MIX machine. Donald Knuth, "The Art of Programming," Vol. 1 Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1969. MJS - Early system on UNIVAC I or II. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. ML - 1. Manipulator Language. IBM language for manipulating robots. 2. Edinburgh, functional, 1980's ML/I - Early macro translating system. P.J. Brown, CACM, Vol 10, No. 10, (Oct. 1967) pg. 618-23. MODEF: Caracteristics: A Pascal-like language with explicit polymorphism and facilities for defining abstract data structures. SIGPLAN Notices 19, Feb. 1984 Modula - Predecessor of Modula-2, more oriented towards concurrent programming than Modula-2, but otherwise quite similar. Developed by N. Wirth around 1975. MODULA-2 - Developed by Niklaus Wirth as a replacement for Pascal. Modula-2+ - From DEC/SRC in Palo Alto, California. Modula-3 or Modula/3 - From DEC/SRC in Palo Alto, California. Described in the "Modula-3 Report (revised)" by Luca Cardelli, James Donahue, Lucille Glassman, Mick Jordan, Bill Kalsow, and Greg Nelson. Modula-3: A descendant of Modula-2 designed for safety. Garbage collection, no variant records. Modules are explicitly designated "safe" or "unsafe". Exceptions and threads. A monitored data structure can be an individual record or any set of variables. "Modula-3 Report", Luca Cardelli, Olivetti Research Center 1988 Modula/R: Procedural high level language with relational database constructs. LIDAS Group (J.Koch, M.Mall, P.Putfarken, M.Reimer, J.W. Schmidt, C.A. Zehnder) Modula/R Report, LIDAS Memo 091-83, ETH Zurich, September 1983. Modulex: Based on Modula-2. From list by M.P. Atkinson and J.W. Schmidt presented in a tutorial in Zurich, 1989. MORAL - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" by J.G.P. Barnes. MORTRAN - public domain FORTRAN pre-processor. MPL - Early possible name for PL/I. Sammet, 1969, p. 542. MPPL - Early possible name for PL/I. Sammet, 1969, p. 542. Mul-T: Shared memory version of T. MuLisp - LISP used by Microsoft for their MuMath symbolic math program. MULTILANG - OS? On IBM 7040, Sammet, 1969, p. 677. MUMPS - ANSI standard exists. [Is this an OS?] MUMPS: Used primarily for medical databases. Discussed some years ago in Byte magazine. [This may be an OS] MuSimp: A variant of LISP used as the programming language for the PC symbolic math package MuMath. MYSTIC - Early system on IBM 704, IBM 650, IBM 1103 and 1103A. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. Nial - "Nested Interactive Array Language" Napier: Based on orthogonal persistence. Redesigned language after 10 years of experience with persistence; developed at St Andrews University; design began circa 1985, first implementation 1988. NAPPS - Numerical Analysis Problem Solving System. 1966. Sammet, 1969, p. 299. Natural English - Used to mean programming in normal, spoken English. Sammet, 1969, pg. 768. NDL: Network Definition Language. Used to program the DCP (Data Communications Processor) on Burroughs Large System. NDL II: New improved etc version of NDL. NELIAC - Navy Electronics Laboratory International ALGOL Compiler. Numeric and logical computations. Sammet, 1969, p. 197 ff. (Also: BC NELIAC.) Neon: An object-oriented extension of FORTH, for the Mac. NEWP: NEW Programming language. Replaced ESPOL on Burroughs Large System. NewsClip - Clarinet article filter language. NGL: Other dialects of IGL: TIPL (which you list!) and NGL. Nial - University of Canada. High level language with arrays as its basic data structure. NICOL I - Small subset of PL/I by (Massachusets) Computer Associates, c. 1965. Sammet, 1969, p. 542. NICOL II - Small subset of PL/I by (Massachusets) Computer Associates, c. 1967. Sammet, 1969, p. 600. Noddy: A simple (hence the name) language to handle text and interaction on the Memotech home computers. Has died with the machine. NOMAD2 - A database language. NORC COMPILER - Early system on NORC machine. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. NPL - New Programming Language. IBM's original (temproary) name for PL/I - changed due to conflict with England's "National Physical Libary." MPL and MPPL were considered before settling on PL/I. Sammet, 1969, pg. 542. Nroff - Text formating language/interpreter, based on UNIX roff. NROFF Also TROFF, TBL, EQN, NEQN, PIC, and GRAP. GROFF, Also Scribe. NuPrl - new Pearl, see Pearl NYAP - Early system on IBM 704. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. NYU, OMNIFAX - [sic] Early system on UNIVAC I or II. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. OBE - Office by Example. Sequel to QBE, Moshe Zloof, IBM, early 1980's. Descriptions published but apparently never officially implemented. Oberon New language in the Pascal/Modula family. Includes the concept of type extension, which leads to object-oriented programming. Developed by N. Wirth around 1983. Object-Oberon An extension of Oberon to provide for classes and associated methods. Developed by H. Moessenboeck and J. Templ in 1989. Objective C - An object-oriented extension of C, implemented as a front end for the C compiler. "Object-Oriented Programming: An Evolutionary Approach", Brad Cox, Addison-Wesley 1986 Objective-C - by Brad Cox. Not the same as C, nor as C++. Contains many late-binding dynamically-typed constructs. Used as the systems programming language on the NeXT. Thousands of users. OCAL - On-Line Cyrptanalytic Aid Language. That says it all. Sammet, 1969, p. 642 ff. OCAS - On-line Cryptanalytic Aid System. System that conatains OCAL. Sammet, 1969, p. 642. occam - CSP based for transputer 1980's occam 2: An extension of occam, with floating point. "occam 2 Reference Manual", INMOS, Prentice Hall 1988 occam 2: occam 2 is a similar language to occam (now normally known as occam 1), but extends the language with fully typed variables. occam 2 has been available since 1987 or so, and there are many thousands (probably millions) of lines of code written in it. (occam 1 is really only used as a teaching language, and is more-or-less obsolete). The main compiler for occam 2 targets to INMOS transputers, but there may be other experimental compilers in existence. "occam 2 Reference Manual", Prentice-Hall International, ISBN 0-13-629312-3. OLC - On-Line Computer system. UCSB c. 1966. Predecessor of Culler-Fried System. Sammet, 1969, p. 253. OMNICODE - Early language by Thompson, 1956. IBM 650. Sammet, 1969, pg. 5. OMNIFAX - Alternate name for NYU OMNIFAX? Early system on UNIVAC I or II. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. OMNITAB - Desk calculator-like operations and more. Sammet, 1969, p. 296 ff. Opal: DSP language. J.P. Schwartz and D. Degryse and P.A. Comte and D. Vicard, "OPAL: A High Level Language and Environment for DSP boards on PC", Proceedings ICASSP-89, 1989. OPS - On line Process Synthsizer. Discrete simulation under CTSS. Sammet, 1969, p. 660 ff. OPS/5 - Version of OPS? OPS5: Official Production System - a production-system rule-based programming language designed for building expert systems. Carnegie-Mellon, 1977. ORCA - Used for Amoeba distributed OS. (Descended from MINIX OS.) Andrew Tannenbaum, 1990. ORTHOCARTAN: Computer algebra system specialized in general relativity. Developed by A. Krasinski [?], from Warsaw, Poland, during the early 80's. Orwell: A functional, non-strict language with list comprehensions and pattern matching. Very similar to Miranda. "Introduction to Orwell", P. Wadler, Programming Research Group, University of Oxford. PACT I - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. PACT IA - Early system on IBM 704. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16. PACTOLUS - Digital simulation. Sammet, 1969, p. 627. PAL - Paradox Application Language. Language bundled with Paradox, Borland International, Scotts Valley, CA. Pam - Described in "Formal Specification of Programming Languages: A Panoramic Primer", by Frank G. Pagan, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 Parallel Pascal: Similar to ACTUS and Glypnir. Paris: The assembly language for the Connection Machine. ParLog - [Descendent of Prolog?] PAT - Personalized Array Translator. Small subset of APL. Sammet, 1969, 252 ff. Pascal - Named for French mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) Designed as language to teach programming. Very similar to C. Pascal-80 - a successor of Platon. Developed at RC International, Denmark for systems programming. Later it was renamed to Real-Time Pascal. Pascal-F: Pascal extended to include fixed-point arithmetic facilities. E. Nelson, "Pascal-F: Programming Language for Real-Time Automotive Control", IEEE ElectroTechnol. Rev. (USA), Vol. 2, 1968, p. 39. PascalPlus - (Denmark?) Pascal/R: Procedural high level language with relational database constructs. J.W. Schmidt, M. Mall, Pascal/R Report, Universitaet Hamburg, Fachbereich Informatik, Report 66, January 1980. PAT - Variant of APL? PCCTS: Purdue Compiler Construction Tool Set; essentially like lex + yacc + code generation support in a single language. First described in Terence Parr, Hank Dietz, and Will Cohen, "Purdue Compiler-Construction Tool Set," Purdue University TR-EE 90-14, February 1990. Since the beta release last year, over 400 user sites worldwide. PCL - Hewlett-Packard's Printer Control Language. PDL2 - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" by J.G.P. Barnes. Pearl - constructive Maths, Constable at Cornell 80's PEARL A language to program process control systems. Heavily used in Europe in the late seventies and early eighties. PENCIL - Pictorial ENCodIng Language. On-line system to display line structures. Sammet, 1969, 675 ff. PERL - AWK-like scripting language popular in UNIX. (?) PIC - Graphics meta-language featured in Jon Bentley's "More Programming Pearls." PICK BASIC - Rough superset of BASIC bundled with the PICK operating system. Includes numerous database operations. PIE: From CMU, similar to ACTUS. PIL - Procedure Implementation Language, subsytem of DOCUS. Sammet, 1969, p. 678 ff. PIL/I - Variant of JOSS. Sammet, 1969, p. 217.