tomr@dbase.A-T.COM (Tom Rombouts) (03/29/91)
PILE Polytechnic's Instructional Language for Educators; similar
in use to an enhanced Pilot, but structurally more like Pascal
with AWK-like associative arrays (optionally stored on disk).
First described in Henry G. Dietz and Ronald J Juels, "A
Universal Computer Aided Instruction System," Proceedings of
National Educational Computing Conference '83, pp. 279-282. Was
distributed worldwide by the Initial Teaching Alphabet Foundation
(about 50 sites?) for Apple II and various CP/M machines.
PILOT - Programmed Inquiry Learning Or Teaching. Computer Aided
Learning tool designed for educational applications.
PINBOL: "Decision table" language for controlling Pinball
machines used at Atari. Included a multi-tasking executive and
an interpreter that worked on data structures "compiled" from
condition:action lists.
PL/C - Variant of PL/I used in educational settings.
PL/I - Programming Language I. Roughly an attempt at blending
the best features of both FORTRAN and COBOL. IBM, c. 1965.
Sammet, 1969, p. 540 ff.
PL/I Subset G: The commercial PL/I subset (i.e., what was
actually implemented by most vendors).
PL/I-FORMAC - Variant of FORMAC. Sammet, 1969, pg. 486 ff.
PL/I SUBSET - Early 70's version of PL/I for minis.
PL/M - Programming Language / Microcomputers. Variant of PL/I
developed by Intel.
PL360 - autocode for IBM 360 and 370. (Is this an assembler?)
Sammet, 1969, p. 9. (PL/360?)
PL/S - Programming Language/Systems. Apparently a PL/I and ASM
hybred. Created by IBM Systems Development Division in the late
1960's and early 1970's. Much of IBM/360 OS/MFT/MVT/SVS/MVS was
done in it. Documented by various IBM internal ZZ-?????????
publications.
PLS1: Variant or version of IBM's PL/S systems langauge.
PLSII: Variant or version of IBM's PL/S systems langauge.
PL/Seq: Programming Language for Sequences. A DSP language. J.
Skytta and O. Hyvarinen, "A general high level language for
signal processors", Digital Signal Processing -- 84. Proceedings
of the Intl. Conference, Fiorence, Italy, Sep, 1984, pp. 217-221.
PL-11: A High Level Machine Oriented Language for the PDP-11.
(May have been from CERN.)
Plain: Based on extended Pascal. A.L. Wasserman, "The Data
Management Facilities of PLAIN," ACM-SIGMOD International
Conference on Management of Data, pages 60-70, 1979.
PLAN: Assembler for ICL1900 series machines.
PLANIT - Programming Language for Interactive Teaching?
Education oriented language? Sammet, 1969, p. 706. (Is there
another PLANIT? c. 1967)
Plankalkul - Some form of language by K. Zuse from Nazi Germany,
c. 1945. [Much of his work may have been either lost or
confiscated in the aftermath of WWII.]
Planner - 1970 Artificial Intelligence language
Platon - developed at DAIMI, Univ. Aarhus, Denmark.
POGO - Early system on G-15. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May
1959) p. 16.
Poly - Polymorphic, block-structured 1980's, D. C. J. Matthews
Ponder - Polymorphic, functional Cambridge UK 1980's
POOL - A family of languages from Philips Research Labs, Holland,
the Netherlands.
Pop - functional, Edinburgh, 1970's, Pop-2, Pop-11
POP-2: "Programming in POP-2", R.M. Burstall et al., Edinburgh
University Press 1971.
Poplar: Morris, 1978. A blend of LISP with SNOBOL4 pattern
matching and APL-like postfix syntax.
POSE - Non-procedural query language, c. 1967. Sammet, 1969, p.
299.
PostScript - Graphics language often used in conjuction with
laser printers or on-screen grahpic font displays. Adobe
Systems. Reference: "The Red Book," PostScript Language
Reference Manual, Adobe Systems Incorporated, Addison-Wesley,
1990.
PRINT - PRe-edited INTerpreter. Early math language on 705.
Sammet, 1969, 134.
PRINT I - Early system on IBM 705. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
PROJECT - subsystem of ICES. Sammet, 1969, p. 616.
Prolog - PROgramming in LOGic. Predicate logic? Developed by
Alain Colmerauer at the University of Marseilles.
PROMAL - [What does this stand for? "used to be famous" ?]
Proposal Writing - Extension of FORTRAN for proposal writing.
Sammet, 1969, p. 170 ff.
Protosynthex - Query system for English text. Sammet, 1969, p.
669 ff.
PS-ALGOL - persistent algol
PUFFT - The Purdue University Fast FORTRAN Translator. CACM,
Vol. 8, No. 11. Nov. 1965.
Python - Variant of PERL script language.
Q'nial - French? A portable interpreter for Nial.
QA4: A Procedural Calculus for Intuitive Reasoning J.F.Rulifson,
R.J.Waldinger and J.A.Derksen, SRI AI Center Technical note 73,
November 1973.
QBE - Query By Example - A query language, Moshe Zloof, IBM,
1975.
QLISP - A Language fo the Interactive Development of Complex
systems by E.D.Sacerdoti, R.E.Fikes, R.Reboh, D.Sagalowicz,
R.J.Waldinger and B.M.Wilber; Stanford Research Institute
Artificial Intelligence Center Technical note 120, March 1976.
QUEASY - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
QUEL - A query language
QUICK - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
Quicksilver - dBASE-like compiler for MS-DOS from WordTech,
Orinda, CA.
QUIKTRAN - On-line FORTRAN with added debugginf facilities.
Sammet, 1969, p. 226 ff.
QUIN - On-line language, Pyle, 1965. Sammet, 1969, p. 691.
QX - (name from Doc Smith SF books) This language was designed
especially for digital signal processing of digitize speech, and
was part of SDC's speech understanding project. Designed by
Richard Gillmann. SDC, Santa Monica, CA.
Rapidwrite - Method for translating set of abbreviations into the
much more verbose COBOL code. Sammet, 1969, p. 338.
RAWOOP-SNAP - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A. From list in
CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
RATFOR - FORTRAN pre-processor. Featured in the classic book
"Software Tools."
RATFOR - Rational FORTRAN - preprocessor for FORTRAN to allow
programming with a C-like syntax.
R:BASE - MS-DOS 4GL from Microrim. Based on Minicomputer DBMS
RIM. Was Wayne Erickson the author?
Real-Time Pascal - apparent later name of Pascal-80 by RC
International, Denmark.
Recital - dBASE-like language/DBMS from Recital Corporation.
Available on VAX/VMS minicomputers among others.
RECOL - Retrieval Command Language. CACM, Vol. 6, No. 3, Mar,
1963.
REDCODE: Proposed as a language for "battle programs" in
corewars. (See "Scientific American" magazine.)
Refined C (RC): First described by Henry G. Dietz and A. David
Klappholz, "Refining A Conventional Language For Race-Free
Specification Of Parallel Algorithms," Proceedings of the 1984
International Conference on Parallel Processing, pp. 380-382.
Extends C to directly specify data access rights so that flow
analysis, and hence automatic parallelization, is more effective.
Research implementations only.
Refined Fortran (RF): Similar to Refined C; described in Henry
G. Dietz and A. David Klappholz, "Refined FORTRAN: Another
Sequential Language for Parallel Programming," in the Proceedings
of the 1986 International Conference on Parallel Processing, pp.
184-191. Research implementations only.
REG-SYMBOLIC - Early system on IBM 704. From list in CACM, Vol
2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
RELATIVE - Early system on IBM 650. From list in CACM, Vol 2,
#5, (May 1959) p. 16.
RELCODE - Early system on UNIVAC I or II. From list in CACM, Vol
2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
Report Program Generator - Official name of RPG.
Required-COBOL 1961 - Minimal subset of COBOL. Later dropped
entirely. Sammet, 1969, pg. 339.
Retrieve - query language by Tymshare Corporation, 1960's.
Inspired JPLDIS which lead to Vulcan to dBASE II.
Revised ALGOL 60 - Alternate name for ALGOL 60 Revised. Sammet,
1969, p. 773.
Rexx -
Rigel: Based on Pascal. From list by M.P. Atkinson and J.W.
Schmidt presented in a tutorial in Zurich, 1989.
ROADS - Subsystem of ICES. Sammet, 1969, p. 616.
Roff - Text formatting language/interpreter. Associated with
UNIX.
RPG - Report Program Generator. Developed by IBM for easy
development of sophisticated large system reports. OS/360, 1965.
RPG-2: Version of RPG?
RPL - 1. A Data Reduction Langauge. Proc. SJCC, Vol. 30, 1967,
pp. 571-575.
RPL - 2. RPN Programming Language, the L. HP28 and HP48
calculators use. (RPN: Reverse Polish Notation.)
RTL/2 - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" by J.G.P. Barnes.
RUNCIBLE - Early system on IBM 650. From list in CACM, Vol 2,
#5, (May 1959) p. 16.
RUSH - Interactive dialect of PL/I, related to CPS, c. 1966.
Sammet, 1969, p. 309.
Russell - Demers and Donohue A compact, polymorphically typed
functional language, with bignums and continuations. ftp from
watserv1.waterloo.edu
S-Algol - orthogonal data structures on Algol-60.
SAC - Early system on Datatron 200 series. From list in CACM,
Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
SAD SAM - Query language by Lindsay. Sammet, 1969, p. 669.
SAFARI - ON-line text editing system by MITRE. Sammet, 1969, p.
685.
SAIL - Early system on Larc computer. From list in CACM, Vol 2,
#5, (May 1959) p. 16.
SAINT - LISP-like language? Sammet, 1969, p. 410.
SALT: Symbolic Assembly Language Trainer. Assembler-like
language implemented in BASIC by Kevin Stock, now at Encore in
France.
SAP - Symbolic Assember Program. Historic assembler on IBM 704,
late 1950's.
SAS - Statistical language, the SAS Institute.
SASL - "Saint Andrews Static Language" - Turner 1976. A
derivative of ISWIM with infinite data structures. Fully lazy
and weakly typed. Designed for teaching functional programming,
with very simple syntax. "A New Implementation Technique for
Applicative Languages", D.A. Turner, Software Practice and
Experience 8, 31-49 (1979)
Scheme - Lisp derivative
SCHOONSCHIP: Computer algebra system specialized in high energy
physics. Developed by Veltman, from CERN, in the late 60's.
Implemented in CDC-6600 and 7600 assembler.
Scratchpad - A general-purpose language originally written
for computer algebra at IBM Research in the 1980s. It features
abstract parametrized datatypes, multiple inheritance and
polymorphism. Implementations exist under VM/CMS and AIX.
Authors include Richard Jenks, Barry Trager, Stephen M. Watt and
Robert S. Sutor.
Scratchpad II -
SCRIPT - Early system on IBM 702. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
SDL - A specification language.
Sed: Text processing utility common in UNIX.
SEESAW - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
SETL - SET Lanugage. Language often used for prototyping
algorithms involving sets. Set oriented language 1970's, R. B.
K. Dewar 1979.
SETL2 - Improvements over SETL. Kirk Snyder, language definition
and implementations.
SFD-ALGOL - System Function Description-ALGOL. Extension of
ALGOL for synchronious systems. Sammet, 1969, p. 625 ff.
sh: Bourne Shell command shell interpreter in UNIX.
SHACO - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
SHADOW - Syntax directed compiler. Predecessor to SNOBOL?
Barnett and Futrelle, 1962. Sammet, 1969, p. 448, 605.
SHEEP: Computer algebra system specialized in general
relativity. Developed by I. Frick, from Stockholm, in the late
70's, early 80's. Implemented first in DEC-10 assembler, then in
several LISP's.
SHELL - Early system on Datatron 200 series. From list in CACM,
Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
Short Code or SHORTCODE - Possibly first attempt at higher level
language for math problems. UNIVAC I or II. Sammet, 1969, p.
129 ff.
SIFT - SHARE Internal FORTRAN Translator. Translation utility
designed for converting FORTRAN II to FORTRAN IV. The word
"sift" was often used as a verb to describe converting coe from
one language to another. Sammet, 1969, p. 153 ff.
Sig: Signal Processing, Analysis, and Display program. (Note
that this is an environment, with an associated programming
language, just like the Mathematica system is.) Argonne Lational
Lab (Jan Carter): (312) 972-7250.
Signal: Synchronous language. Le Guernic, Paul and Albert
Benveniste and Patricia Bournai and Thierry Gautier, "SIGNAL - A
Data Flow-Oriented Language for Signal Procesing," IEEE
Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol.
ASSP-34, No. 2, Apr. 1986, pp. 362-374.
Silage: Synchronous DSP language. D.R. Genin and P.N.
Hilfinger, "Silage Reference Manual, Draft 1.0", Silvar-Lisco,
Leuven, 1989.
Simone - Simulation language based on Pascal, Hoare et al.
SIMSCRIPT - Designed for discrete simulation applications.
Sammet, 1969, p. 655 ff.
SIMPLE - Early system on Datatron 200 series. From list in CACM,
Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
Simula - Extension to ALGOL to do discrete simulation. Reknowned
for class concept. Sammet, 1969, p. 659 ff.
Simula 67 - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" by J.G.P. Barnes.
Simulating Digital Systems - FORTRAN-like for describing computer
logic design. Sammet, 1969, p. 622 ff.
Siprol: Signal Processing Language. A DSP language. Hans
Gethoffer, "SIPROL: A High Level Language for Digital Signal
Processing", Proceedings ICASSP-80, 1980, pp. 1056-9.
SIR - Early system on IBM 650. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
Sisal - parallel, data flow, (deterministic CCS/CSP ?). May be a
single assignment language used in parallel processing.
Sketchpad - I. Sutherland, c. 1963. Introduced "ring" list
structure. Sammet, 1969, p. 462.
SKOL - FORTRAN pre-processor unique to the Cray Operating System
(COS).
SLANG - R.A. Sibley. CACM, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Jan. 1961) pp. 75-84.
SLIP - early-60's list processing language. Sammet, 1969, p. 387
ff.
SMALGOL - SMall ALGOL. Subset of ALGOL. Sammet, 1969.
Small C - subset of C often used in educational settings. Ref:
"A Small C Compiler," James Hendrix.
Smalltalk - object based, Xerox PARC (?)
Smalltalk-72
Smalltalk-74
Smalltalk-76
Smalltalk-78
Smalltalk-80 - Version of Smalltalk. "Smalltalk-80: Bits of
History, Words of Advice", Glenn Krasner, Addison-Wesley 1983
Smalltalk/V - Version of Smalltalk.
SML - Standard ML (definition 2)
SNOBOL - StriNg Oriented symBOlic Language. Developed at Bell
laboratories for string manipulation. Griswold, Poage and
Polonsky
SNOBOL 1 - (1962) Sammet, 1969, p. 436 ff.
SNOBOL 3 - (1965) Sammet, 1969, p. 436 ff.
SNOBOL 4 - (1968) Sammet, 1969, p. 447 ff.
SO 2 - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
SOAP I - Early system on IBM 650. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
SOAP II - Early system on IBM 650. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
SOCRATIC - Not a language? Bolt, Beranek and Newman. Early
interactive learning system. Sammet, 1969, p. 702.
SODAS - D.L. Parnas and J.A. Darringer. Proc. FJCC, Vol. 31
(1967) pp. 449-74.
SOHIO - Early system on IBM 705. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
SOL - Simulation Oriented Language. Discrete simulation.
Sammet, 1969, p. 656 ff.
SPAR - Early system on Datatron 200 series. From list in CACM,
Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
SPEED - Early system on LGP-30. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
Speedcode - Same as Speedcoding?
Speedcoding - Early attempt at higher level language for math on
IBM 701, IBM 650. Sammet, 1969, p. 130 ff.
SPEEDCODING 3 - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol
2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
SPEEDEX - Early system on IBM 701. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
SPITBOL - An IBM implementation of SNOBOL, not a separate
language.
SPL: Synchronous Programming Langauge. A DSP language.
"Introduction to the SPL Compiler", Computalker Consultants,
1986.
SPL/1 - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" by J.G.P. Barnes.
SPLINTER - PL/I interpreter with debugging features. Sammet,
1969, p. 600.
SPRINT - List processing involving direct action on operand
stack. Sammet, 1969, p 462 ff.
SPSS -
SPUR - Early system on IBM 650. From list in CACM, Vol 2, #5,
(May 1959) p. 16.
SR: "Synchronizing Resources". (ftp from cs.arizona.edu.) A
language for programming distributed systems, using a module-like
structure called a "resource". "An Overview of the SR Language
and Implementation", G. Andrews, ACM TOPLAS 10, 51-86 (Jan 1988)
SR - "Synchronizing Resources" - ftp from cs.arizona.edu
A language for programming distributed systems. A resource is
the encapsulation of a process and its variables. Resources come
in two parts: the specification and the body, like a Modula-2
module.
"An Overview of the SR Language and Implementation", G. Andrews,
ACM TOPLAS 10, 51-86 (Jan 1988)
SRC Modula-3 - Version of Modula-3 by DEC's SRC.
SQL - Structured Query Language. A set-oriented data language
often embedded into other programming languages. C.J. Date "A
Guide to the SQL Standard."
SR - [? "seen in archives" ?]
STAR 0 - Early system on Datatron 200 series. From list in CACM,
Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
StarLisp: For the CM.
STENSOR: Computer algebra system specialized in general
relativity. Developed by L. H\"ornfeldt, from Stockholm, during
the mid-80s. Implemented on top of SHEEP and MACSYMA.
STOBES - Shared Time Repair of Big Electronic Systems. Computer
testing. Sammet, 1969.
STOIC: STring Oriented Interactive Compiler. It's like FORTH for
strings, including all sorts of stuff that is in hardware on
VAXen. Written by someone at the Smithsonian Astrophysical
Observatory.
STP4 - Statistical language.
STRESS - STRuctual Engineering Systems Solver. Specialized
language for civil engineers. Sammet, 1969, p. 612 ff.
STRUDL - STRUctured Design Language. For design and analysis of
structures. Sammet, 1969, p. 613.
STSC APL: Implementation of APL?
STUDENT - Early query system. Bobrow, 1964. Sammet, 1969, p.
664.
Sugar: A language Paul Hudak is developing? 1991. Microsoft?
SUMMER SESSION - Early system on Whirlwind. From list in CACM,
Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
SURGE - Early rudimentary system. Sammet, 1969, p. 8.
SweetLambda: Some kind of Microsoft in-joke?
SYMBAL: Symbolic math package with Alol-like syntax implemented
in the late 60's by Max Engeli on the CDC600.
SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLY - Early system on IBM 705. From list in CACM,
Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
Symbolic Mathematical Laboratory - On-line system under CTSS for
formal algebra. Used display screen and light pen. Sammet,
1969, p. 514 ff.
SYMPL - Control Data's answer to system programming languages in
the '70s Major parts of CDC systems written in this.
SYMPL: A a non-reentrant block structured language with
extensive bit manipulation facilities and linkable with FORTRAN.
T - Yale University, Lisp with static scoping
TABSOL - Early system oriented language. T.F. Kavanagh. Proc.
FJCC Vol. 18 (1960) pp. 117-36.
TACPOL - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" by J.G.P. Barnes.
TAL: Tandem Application Language. A a cross between C and
Pascal. Primary language for system level programming on the
Tandem. (Tandem has no Assembler and until recently did not have
C or Pascal.) May be derived from system language at Hewlett-
Packard.
TALL - List processor on Philco 2000. J. Feldman, CACM, Vol. 5,
No. 9 (Sept 1962) pp. 484-85.
TASM - Turbo Assembler. MS-DOS assembler from Borland.
TAWK - Tiny AWK.
TBIL: Tiny Basic Interpreter Language. Inner interpreter of Tom
Pittman's set of Tiny Basics in DDJ.
Tcsim: Time (Complex) Simulator. Complex arithmetic version of
Tsim. ZOLA Technologies: ZOLA@Applelink.Apple.com.
TECO: (TExt COmpiler?) Language for text editing. Supposedly
cryptic and hard-to-learn. First Emacs was a collection of Teco
macros.
TELCOMP - Variant of JOSS. Sammet, 1969, p. 217.
TELSIM - Digital simulation, Busch, c. 1966. Sammet, 1969, p.
627.
TeX - Text formatting language developed by Donald Knuth.
TeX-78 -
TeX-82 -
TGS-II - Translator Generator System. Contained TRANDIR.
Sammet, 1969, p. 640.
Theseus: Based on Euclid. From list by M.P. Atkinson and J.W.
Schmidt presented in a tutorial in Zurich, 1989.
TINT - Interpreted version of JOVIAL. Sammet, 1969, p. 528.
TIPL: 1. Teach IPL. Interpretive IPL teaching system. Sammet,
1969, p. 393. 2. Dialect of IGL.
TMG - Syntax-directed compiling language. Sammet, 1969, p. 636.
TOK - Refered to in Ursula K. LeGuin's "Always Coming Home."
Seems to be similar to the original BASIC.
TRAC - Text Reckoning And Compiling. String manipulation
language. Sammet, 1969, p. 448 ff.
TRAC - I don't know anything about this language, but it is
allegedly described in the March 1966 issue of CACM (it's on my
list of things to look up someday...). It was developed by XXX
and Peter Deutsch (of ST-80 fame). Thousands of users,
historically, though probably few today.
TRANDIR - TRANslation DIRector. A syntax-directed compiling
language. Sammet, 1969, p. 640.
TRANGEN - System containing TRANDIR. Sammet, 1969, p. 640.
TRANS-USE - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A. From list in
CACM, Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
TRANSCODE - Early system on Ferut computer. From list in CACM,
Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
TRANSIT - Subsystem of ICES. Sammet, 1969, p. 616.
TREET - List processing language akin to LISP. Sammet, 1969, p.
457 ff.
TRIGMAN: Computer algebra system specialized in celestial
mechanics.
Troff - text formatting language/interpreter. Variant of UNIX
roff.
True BASIC - Early form of compiled BASIC requiring no line
numbers.
Tsim: Time Simulator. Stack-based simulation language. ZOLA
Technologies, ZOLA@Applelink.Apple.com.
Turbo Pascal - Brand of Pascal by Borland International. Perhaps
first integrated development environment for MS-DOS. Versions 3;
4; 5 - Close to Modula-2; 6 - Object oriented facilities.
TURING - Variant of Pascal developed by R.C. Holt and J.R. Cordy
at the University of Toronto. (1982.)
Turing-Plus - "The Turing Plus Language Report", available from
CSRI, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Rd, Toronto,
ON M5S 1A4.
Turtle - Nickname for LOGO.
TUTOR: Scripting language on PLATO systems from CDC.
TWIG: Tree-Walking Instruction Generator. [Nothing else known,
but you gotta' love that acronym!]
UCSD Pascal -
UGLIAC -Early system on Datatron 200 series. From list in CACM,
Vol 2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
UNCOL - UNiversal COmpiler intermediate Language. Sammet, 1969,
p. 708 ff.
UNICODE - Pre-FORTRAN, similar to MATH-MATIC, on the 1103.
Sammet, 1969, p. 137 ff.
UNISAP - Early system on UNIVAC I or II. From list in CACM, Vol
2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
USE - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A. From list in CACM, Vol
2, #5, (May 1959) p. 16.
Val - Single assignment language used in paralell processing.
Vector C - Variant of C similar to ACTUS. CMU?
Vienna Definition Language - Operational specification language
used in early days of PL/I.
VITAL - Semantics language using FSL. Mondshein, 1967. Sammet,
1969, p. 641.
Vulcan - 1. CP/M port of JPLDIS by Wayne Ratliff which evolved
into dBASE II. (c. 1979, 1980.) 2. The dBASE-like interpreter
and compiler sold by RSPI with their Emerald Bay product. 3.
Unknown language from 1970 (?)
WAFL: WArwick Functional Language Lisp-type language developed
at Warwick University in England.
WATFIV - WATerloo Fortran IV. Variant of FORTRAN from U of
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
WATFOR - WATerloo FORtran. Variant of FORTRAN from U of
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Sammet, 1969, p. 303.
WFL: Work Flow Language. Burroughs answer to IBM JCL. Yet
another ALGOL variant.
WSL - Waterloo Systems Language. C-like systems programming
language developed at University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Ref: "Waterloo Systems Language: Tutorial and Language
Reference", F. D. Boswell, WATFAC Publications Ltd, Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada. ISBN 0-919884-00-8.
X-1 - Early system on UNIVAC I or II. From list in CACM, Vol 2,
#5, (May 1959) p. 16.
Xbase - Term used to refer generically to the "dBASE" family of
languages. Coined in response to threatened litigation over use
of the copyrighted trademark "dBASE."
XLISP- Variant of LISP.
XPL - Stanford, 1967-69. Used for writing and teaching about
compilers. Ref: "A Compiler Generator," W.M.McKeeman, J.J.
Horning and D.B. Wortman, Prentice-Hall, 1970. Also a paper in
the 1968 AFIPS Conference
XPOP - Early language. Halpern, 1964. Sammet, 1969, p. 8.
XScheme: Variant of Scheme? Extended Scheme?
Y - Arizona (?) [ Details sought. ]
YACC - Yet Another Compiler Compiler.
Z - specification language (May not really be prog lang.)
Z: A stack-based, complex arithmetic simulation language. ZOLA
Technologies: ZOLA@Applelink.Apple.com
Zetalisp -
ZIL: Zork Interpretive Language. Designed for creating
customized adventure-like games. Used by Infocom to write their
games in.
XPC: EXplicitly-Parallel C dialect which is efficiently
compilable to both SIMD and MIMD architectures (is mode
independent). First described in Michael J. Phillip and Henry G.
Dietz, "Toward Semantic Self-Consistency in Explicitly Parallel
Languages," in proceedings of the Fourth International Conference
on Supercomputing, Santa Clara, CA, May 1989, vol. 1., pp.
398-407. Research implementations only. Greatly improved on
Parallel C, which was never implemented (but had significant
impact on the design of C*).
Zuse - PhD language by Chris Collberg, collberg@dna.lth.se.
1991.
QUESTIONABLE ENTRIES:
ALGOL "machine language"
ALGOL "publication language"
[ unnamed ] - Dijkstra never names the language he describes and
uses in "A Discipline of Programming".
APPENDIX A
Some selected works on computer language history and design:
============================================================
B.J. MacLennan "Principles of Programming Languages" 2nd Edition,
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987. Often cited on The Net.
Sammet, Jean E. "Programming Languages: History and
Fundamentals" Prentice Hall, 1969. Lib of Congress #: 68-28110
The absolutely definitive work on early computer language
development, by an IBM language technology manager. Almost 800
pages of meticulous detail.
Weinberg, Gerald "The Psychology of Computer Programming", 1971.
L.B. Wilson, R.G. Clark "Comparative Programming Languages"
Addison-Wesley, 1988. ISBN: 0-201-18483-4 Languages compared
on a feature-by-feature (rather than language-by-language) basis.
"Proceedings: ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages
Conference" (Los Angeles, July, 1978) Perhaps the most
entertaining account of the history of roughly 15 major
programming languages. 310 pages. Jean Sammet apparently co-
ordinated the conference. (Later appeared in book form with R.L.
Wexelblat as editor, Academic Press, 1981.) ACM item number
548780. ACM order department toll-free number is 800-342-6626.
Comprehensive list of languages for distributed programming in
the article by Bal et al in ACM Computing Surveys 21/3 of Sept.
1989. (See pp. 313-314).
"How long for the next 700 languages?" CACM, May, 1966?
APPENDIX B
Selected Issues in Computer Language Design:
===========================================
A "core" versus "complete" language
Should a langauge provide a small, minimal core that is
extensible (FORTH, ALGOL, C) or should it try to have syntax for
almost everything already included? (PL/I, Ada, dBASE IV)
How much structure should automatically be imposed?
Some languages, such as C, give a great latitude to the layout of
statements on the page. Others, such as COBOL, are more verbose
and structured in an attempt to force "self-documenting code."
Features are added but never removed
APPENDIX C
A chronology of influential computer languages:
==============================================
(Note: It has been suggested that K. Zuse in Nazi Germany may
have had first real computer programming language, "Plankalkul"
c. 1945. This is allueded to in the 1978 ACM History of
Programming Languages FOTRAN session.)
FORTRAN: c. 1954
ALGOL: c. 1958
LISP: c. 1958
COBOL: c. 1960
PL/I: c. 1964
BASIC: 1964
APL c. 1966
PASCAL: ?
C: c. 1978
dBASE II: c. 1980
Ada:
C++
Eiffel
Modula-2:
Snalltalk:
Oberon:
APPENDIX D
Who will gather some interesting rough statistics relating to
computer langauge usage? Things such as:
[Nine (?) billion lines of COBOL code written?]
[75% of world's software spending by DOD?]
[80% of all paid programming maintenance programming?]
[ n million people have programmed in BASIC? ]
Net contributors to the language list so far:
=============================================
Mike Albaugh (albaugh@dms.UUCP)
LLoyd Allison (lloyd@bruce.cs.monash.OZ.AU)
Jose Castejon-Amenedo (vanadis@cs.dal.ca)
Birger Andersen (birger@diku.dk)
Bob Bishop (rb@sixnine.gid.co.uk)
Heiko Blume (src@scuzzy.in-berlin.de)
Andreas Borchert (borchert@mathematik.uni-ulm.de)
Marc-Michael Brandis (brandis@inf.ethz.ch)
Kurt Baudendistel (baud@laplace.eedsp.gatech.edu)
Benjamin Chase (bbc@rice.edu)
Chris Collberg (collberg@dna.lth.se)
A.J. Cunningham (tjc@castle.edinburgh.ac.uk)
Hank Dietz (hankd@ecn.purdue.edu)
Patrick J Draper (draper@cps.msu.edu)
Clive Feather (clive@x.co.uk)
Dave Gillett (dgil@pa.reuter.com)
Kjetil Torgrim Homme (kjetilho@ifi.uio.no)
Steve Jenkins (jenkins@jpl-devvax.jpl.nasa.gov)
Jeff Jenness (jeffj@cs.umr.edu)
Niels Christian Juul (ncjuul@diku.dk)
David Keppel (pardo@cs.washington.edu)
Bill Kinnersley (cc.ukans.edu!kinnersley)
A.V. Le Blanc (ZLSIIAL@UK.AC.MCC.CMS)
Greg Lindahl (gl8f@astsun9.astro.Virginia.EDU)
Andrew H. Marrinson (andy@icom.icom.com)
Alex Martelli (staff@cadlab.sublink.org)
S A McConnell (sam%gva.decnet@consrt.rok.com)
Brian R. Murphy (brm@Neon.Stanford.EDU)
Tom Neff (tneff@bfmny0.BFM.COM)
Michael Newbery (newbery@rata.vuw.ac.nz)
Oscar Nierstrasz (oscar@cuisun.UNIGE.ch)
Nick North (ndn@seg.npl.co.uk)
Conor O'Neill (conor@inmos.com)
Hokkun Pang (hp0p+@andrew.cmu.edu)
Stephen Perelgut (perelgut@turing.toronto.edu)
Jeff Price (jprice@cadev1.intel.com)
Arch D. Robison (robison@shell.com)
Walt Spector (wws@renaissance.cray.com)
Paul Stachour (stachour@SCTC.COM)
Joergen Steensgaard-Madsen (jsm@iddth2.id.dk)
Kevin Stock (kstock@gouldfr.encore.fr)
Bob Stockwell (pacbell.com!ptsfa!res)
Robert S. Sutor (rssutor@math.princeton.edu)
Jan Christiaan van Winkel (jc@atcmp.nl)
Ken Yap (ken@csis.dit.csiro.au)
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