AIList-REQUEST@SRI-AI.ARPA (AIList Moderator Kenneth Laws) (11/07/85)
AIList Digest Thursday, 7 Nov 1985 Volume 3 : Issue 164 Today's Topics: Queries - IQ Test for AI & RSA Encryption & IEEE Software Special Issue, Correction - TI Satellite Seminar, Expert Systems - Statistics and Diagnosis, Logic - Abductive Inference, Poetry - Colourless Green Ideas ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Tue 5 Nov 85 09:37:20-PST From: Rene Bach <BACH@SU-SCORE.ARPA> Subject: IQ test for AI. I don't remember anyone suggesting to test AI programs with the traditional human IQ test. Is there any validity to this idea ? I understand that it would be very hard for a computer program to reason about the shape and graphics questions (given as is, i.e. just given the actual picture of the question). I also understand the IQ test are somewhat controversial, but they nevertheless provide a metric for a lot of human reasoning abilities which certainly require multiple facets of intelligence. Has any one tried to write such a computer program ? Rene Bach (Bach@score) ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 6 Nov 85 20:22:21 EST From: "Keith F. Lynch" <KFL@MIT-MC.ARPA> Subject: RSA encryption Date: Tue 5 Nov 85 15:21:35-CST From: David Throop <AI.THROOP@R20.UTEXAS.EDU> ... I will also discuss some applications of the system, including its use in finding security flaws in the formal specifications of computer software, its proof of the invertibility of the RSA public key encryption algorithm ... Has RSA been broken? I thought it was NP complete. Can you give a reference? ...Keith ------------------------------ Date: Tuesday, 5 November 1985 22:12:21 EST From: Duvvuru.Sriram@cive.ri.cmu.edu Subject: Abstracts for IEEE Software Special Issue All summaries that have been submitted to the IEEE Software Special Issue on KBES for Engineering (March 1986) that have exceeded the 3 page (double-spaced) limit have been edited to comply with the guidelines. If this is not acceptable, please send me mail. Sriram ------------------------------ Date: Wed 6 Nov 85 18:30:51-EST From: "Randall Davis" <DAVIS%MIT-OZ@MIT-MC.ARPA> Subject: Correction - TI Satellite Seminar Concerning the recent item in AI List which said in part: From: leff%smu.csnet@CSNET-RELAY.ARPA Subject: IEEE Seminar on AI (SMU) The following is the program for the Special Event of the Dallas IEEE Computer Society and Dallas Section of the ACM Artificial Intelligence Satellite Symposium Knowledge-Based Systems and Their Applications presented by Texas Instruments Incorporated Date: Wednesday, November 13, 1985 8:30 am - 4:00 pm Place: Infomart, 1950 Stemmons Freeway Room 7011 TI has advertised this event widely, but there has still been some confusion about it. It is an educational program conceived of and created by TI, and is being broadcast via satellite to 23 different pre-selected sites around the country; tickets are necessary only to assure seating; admission is free. It is also, by design, available to anyone who has the equipment to pick up the satellite signal (TI is offering technical information on satellite reception at 214-995-4076). Current estimates are that perhaps 400 additional sites around the country will be doing so. From the IEEE/ACM notice above it appears that they have organized themselves around this event, as numerous other organizations have. Please note, though, that the broadcast is available nationwide to anyone interested. ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 6 Nov 85 22:18:15 est From: Dana S. Nau <dsn@rochester.arpa> Subject: Statistics and Diagnosis >From: Stuart Crawford <GA.SLC@Forsythe> > > I am interested in obtaining pointers to recent references regarding > the known pros and cons of using pure statistical approaches to > medical diagnosis (such as the use of classification and regression The following articles are relevant to your request. I think one or both of them may have appeared somewhere by now; my "refer" file is out of date. For more information, write to Dr. James Reggia Computer Science Department University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 %A C. Ramsey %A J. A. Reggia %A D. S. Nau %A A. Ferrentino %T A Comparative Analysis of Methods for Expert Systems %R submitted for publication %A J. A. Reggia %A B. T. Perricone %T Answer Justification in Medical Decision Support Systems Based on Bayesian Classification %R Submitted for publication %D 1983 %C College Park, MD %I University of Maryland Dana S. Nau (dsn@rochester) from U. of Maryland, on sabbatical at U. of Rochester ------------------------------ Date: Tue 5 Nov 85 04:48:39-EST From: "Sidney Markowitz" <SIDNEY%MIT-OZ@MIT-MC.ARPA> Subject: abductive inference The following is in reply to the question about abduction, in the sense of abductive inference, and its relation to AI. This is a portion of a message extracted from the old philosophy-of-science mailing list [and reprinted by permission of the author -- KIL]. It is a bit long, as it contains both definitional material and opinions as to its relevance to AI. I have deleted much extraneous material: Date: 26 Jan 1983 0128-PST From: ISAACSON at USC-ISI [ ... ] I can't speak for the Intuitionist position. I do prefer the second inference-chain you propose, though. It is a *weaker* inference, but, it is potentially generative. It is close to a form of inference which is sometimes called "abduction", favored by Charles Sanders Peirce. This sort of inference is held to underlie hypothesis-formation. Abductive inference can be stated as follows: The surprising fact, C, is observed; But if A were true, C would be a matter of course; Hence, there is reason to SUSPECT that A is true. The *tentative* (or hypothetical) nature of the conclusions in the two latter cases above is what makes these inferences potentially GENERATIVE, in the sense of knowledge-generation; whereas the deductive template inherent in [ an example of deduction ] makes it a barren exercise in classical Aristotelian logic, with no generative power beyond the (pre-programmed, as it were) syllogitic-chain itself. [ ... ] I want to use that fairly long introduction to move into a comparison between traditional deductive inference [ ... ] and other types of inferences I consider to be knowledge-generators, or "epistemogenic inferential processes." [ ... discussion of deductive inference ... ] For example, All birds are five-legged mammals; Fred is a bird; Then Fred is a five-legged mammal. Or, All Blacks are white; Fred is a Black; Then Fred is white. All of the stuff you see above is entirely Kosher, viewed from within deductive logic proper, and I have no quarrel with that. BUT WHY TAKE EXTRA PRIDE IN PROMOTING THIS KIND OF BARREN SYLLOGISTIC ACTIVITY WITHIN AI IS BEYOND ME! What we sorely need are inferential processes that are capable of generating new knowledge [through computational means!]. We need to develop a broad class of "Epistemogenic Processes". I think it includes a family of inferences that can generate explanatory hypotheses, and therefore, underlie theory-formation. Peirce, the so-called "Father of Pragmatism" (he actually called his creation "Pragmaticism"), devoted much of his massive life-work to elaborating a type of inference he called "abduction". In his view, when contrasted with "induction" and "deduction", it is the only truly creative mode of inference. It is THE epistemogenic agent. The sort that yields new explanatory hypotheses in scientific inquiry. As a corollary he developed a theory of the "Economy of Research", an obscure and understudied, yet incredibly rich, research methodology. I do agree with Minsky that we ought to be courageous and resourceful enough to be willing to break new ground, without too many hangups about "old stuff". Yet, I think that we have an incredibly fertile resouce in Peirce, and we owe it to our enterprise to COHERE what we are trying to do with what he has already accomplished. ------------------------------ Date: Wed 30 Oct 85 23:02:50-PST From: Paul Roberts <ROBERTS@SU-SUSHI.ARPA> Subject: Colourless Green Ideas [Excerpted from the Stanford bboard by Laws@SRI-AI.] For the Literary competition set on Christmas Eve you were asked to compose not more than 100 words of prose, or 14 lines of verse, in which a sentence described as grammatically acceptable but without meaning did, in the event, become meaningful. The sentence, devised by Noam Chomsky, was: colourless green ideas sleep furiously. [...] Competitors rose to this challenge good-humouredly and in force.... It can only be the thought of verdure to come, which prompts us in the autumn to buy these dormant white lumps of vegetable matter covered by a brown papery skin, and lovingly to plant them and care for them. It is a marvel to me that under this cover they are labouring unseen at such a rate within to give us the sudden awesome beauty of spring flowering bulbs. While winter reigns the earth reposes but these colourless green ideas sleep furiously. C. M. Street Behold the pent-up power of the winter tree; Leafless it stands, in lifeless slumber. Yet its very resting is revival and renewal: Inside the dark gnarled world of trunk and roots, Cradled in the chemistry of cell and sap, Colourless green ideas sleep furiously In deep and dedicated doormancy, Concentrating, conserving, constructing: Knowing, by some ancient quantum law Of chlorophyll and sun That come the sudden surge of spring, Dreams become reality, and ideas action. Bryan O. Wright Let us think on them, the Twelve Makers Of myths, trailblazing quakers Scourging earthshakers Colourless green ideas sleep furiously Before their chrysalides open curiously Anarchy burgeons spuriously Order raises new seedlings in the world By word and gun upheld The scarlet banner is unfurled The New Country appears Man loosens his fears The New Dawn nears Recollect our first fathers The good society in momentum gathers. ("recently discovered sonnet by Alexander Blok") translated by Edward Black [...] (and the winner:) (got 50 lbs.) Thus Adam's Eden-plot in far-off time: Colour-rampant fowers, trees a myriad green; Helped by God-bless'd wind and temp'rate clime. The path to primate knowledge unforseen, He sleeps in peace at eve with Eve. One apple later, he looks curiously At the gardens of dichromates, in whom colourless green ideas sleep furiously then rage for birth each morning, until doom Brings rainbows they at last perceive. D. A. H. Byatt ------------------------------ End of AIList Digest ********************