AIList-REQUEST@SRI-AI.ARPA (AIList Moderator Kenneth Laws) (11/24/85)
AIList Digest Sunday, 24 Nov 1985 Volume 3 : Issue 178 Today's Topics: Humor - Confectionist Seminar & SARTRE & Advanced Learning Techniques & Proof Methodologies & Rinaldo's laws ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 11/21/85 14:21:07 From: ELISHA at MIT-MC.ARPA Subject: Confectionist Autumn Repast [Forwarded from the MIT bboard by SASW@MIT-MC.] CONFECTIONIST MODELS: AN AUTUMN REPAST Sponsored by the Pavlov Foundation ORGANIZERS: Siu-ling Ku Peter Nuth Margaret St. Pierre Steve Seda DATE: November 22, 1985 PLACE: MIT A.I. Lab, 8th Floor Playroom PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAM: The purpose of the autumn repast is to familiarize young researchers with current techniques in the area of confectionist models of intelligence. This includes search procedures, learning procedures, and methods for representing knowledge in massively parallel networks of carbohydrate units. Application areas include vision, speech, associative memory, natural language and motor control. FACULTY: There will be four full time Tutors plus several Guest Lecturers. Tutors: Guest Lecturers: James Horner Julia Child (Ms) D. Muffet Charles Beard (on videotape) Peter Piper Elizabeth Crocker Thomas Piperson others to be announced [...] ------------------------------ Date: Thu 21 Nov 85 12:34:58-PST From: Paul Roberts <ROBERTS@SU-SUSHI.ARPA> Subject: A VALGOL-(un)like language...... [Forwarded from the Stanford bboard by Laws@SRI-AI.] A New Programming Language: SARTRE *SARTRE--Named after the late existential philosopher, SARTRE is an extremely unstructured language. Statements in SARTRE have no purpose; they just are. Thus SARTRE programs are left to define their own functions. SARTRE programmers tend to be boring and depressed and are no fun at parties. The SARTRE language has two basic data types, the EN-SOI and the POUR-SOI. The EN-SOI is a completely filled heap, whereas the POUR-SOI is a dynamic structure which never has the same value. The structures are accessed through the only operation defined in SARTRE, nihilation, which usually results in a ?BAD FAITH at PC 02AC040 error. Comparisons in SARTRE have a peculiar form in that the IF statement can take no arguments and simply reads IF; Similarly, assignments can only be of the form WHAT-IS := (NOT WHAT-IS); since in SARTRE the POUR-SOI is only, and exactly, what it is not. Although this sounds confusing, a background process, the NIHILATOR, is constantly running, making any such statements (or any statements at all, for that matter), completely meaningless. Programs in SARTRE do not terminate, of course, since there is No Exit. --Author Unknown ------------------------------ Date: Mon 11 Nov 85 13:57:56-PST From: Paul Roberts <ROBERTS@SU-SUSHI.ARPA> Subject: Advanced Learning Techniques.... [Forwarded from the Stanford bboard by Laws@SRI-AI.] [Disclaimer: all this is forwarded. "I" and "me" don't apply to I or me. -- PR] Columbia is extending its lead the learning field: 3 recent discoveries have just been made by grad students there. LEARNING BY EVOLUTION - ako survival of the fitest. Doesn't work for qualifiers because admission to the department does not extend to the progeny. LEARNING BY SENORY DEPRIVATION - staying away from the department in order to "get some work done", which simply results in (a) having a comprehensive knowledge of the library or (b) having a very clean apartment. LEARNING BY FORGETING EVERYTHING THEY EVER TAUGHT YOU IN SCHOOL - This should be self-explanatory; if not, see me after class. Discoveries about learning itself are a perfect example of "learning by meta-learning". it is well known in ai that if x is good, meta-x is better (or at least meta-x sounds better in the title of a paper). in this case, perhaps meta-learning is symptomatic of learning- avoidance, a common affliction among grad students who prefer to call it "learning-by-doing-anything-else". i know; i've mastered the technique. ------------------------------ Date: 19 Nov 1985 0026-PST (Tuesday) From: Stuart Marks <marks@cascade> Subject: Found! list of proof methodologies [Forwarded from the Stanford bboard by Laws@SRI-AI.] I have received several responses to my request for proof techniques, some with pointers, and some with actual "proofs." But credit goes to Greg Satz, who dug out of his jokes archive the list that I had in mind. The original author is someone named Dana Angluin, for whom no professional association was given. [John McCarthy reports that Dana Angluin is now in the Computer Science Department at Yale, but probably compiled this list while a graduate student at UCB. -- KIL] There were a couple of references to the following work: Dunmore, Paul V., "The Uses of Fallacy", in R. L. Weber, @i{A Random Walk in Science}. New York: Crane, Russak, & Co. Inc., 1973, p. 29. This contains a similar list of proof techniques. I haven't looked it up yet, but I'll report if I find anything of interest. Here is Dana Angluin's list. ======================================================================= Proof by example: The author gives only the case n=2 and suggests that it contains most of the ideas of the general proof. Proof by intimidation: 'Trivial.' Proof by vigorous handwaving: Works well in a classroom or seminar setting. Proof by cumbersome notation: Best done with access to at least four alphabets and special symbols. Proof by exhaustion: An issue or two of a journal devoted to your proof is useful. Proof by omission: 'The reader may easily supply the details.' 'The other 253 cases are analogous.' '...' Proof by obfuscation: A long plotless sequence of true and/or meaningless syntactically related statements. Proof by wishful citation: The author cites the negation, converse, or generalization of a theorem from the literature to support his claims. Proof by funding: How could three different government agencies be wrong? Proof by eminent authority: 'I saw Karp in the elevator and he said it was probably NP-complete.' Proof by personal communication: 'Eight-dimensional colored cycle stripping is NP-complete' [Karp, personal commmunication]. Proof by reduction to the wrong problem: 'To see that infinite-dimensional colored cycle stripping is decidable, we reduce it to the halting problem.' Proof by reference to inaccessible literature: The author cites a simple corollary of a theorem to be found in a privately circulated memoir of the Slovenian Philological Society, 1883. Proof by importance: A large body of useful consequences all follow from the proposition in question. Proof by accumulated evidence: Long and diligent search has not revealed a counterexample. Proof by cosmology: The negation of the proposition is unimaginable or meaningless. Popular for proofs of the existence of God. Proof by mutual reference: In reference A, Theorem 5 is said to follow from Theorem 3 in reference B, which is shown to follow from Corollary 6.2 in reference C, which is an easy consequence of Theorem 5 in reference A. Proof by metaproof: A method is given to construct the desired proof. The correctness of the method is proved by any of these techniques. Proof by picture: A more convincing form of proof by example. Combines well with proof by omission. Proof by vehement assertion: It is useful to have some kind of authority relation to the audience. Proof by ghost reference: Nothing even remotely resembling the cited theorem appears in the reference given. Proof by forward reference: Reference is usually to a forthcoming paper of the author, which is often not as forthcoming as at first. Proof by semantic shift: Some standard but inconvenient definitions are changed for the statement of the result. Proof by appeal to intuition: Cloud-shaped drawings frequently help here. ------------------------------ Date: 20 Nov 85 2304 PST Don Woods <DON@SU-AI.ARPA> Subject: Proof Methodologies [Forwarded from the Stanford bboard by Laws@SRI-AI.] The list of proof methodologies also appeared in SIGACT News, v15 #1 (Spring '83). Incidentally, it omits the one I first heard from RPG, who suggested the following as the generic form of proof methodology used in some theological argument or other: Proof by elimination of the counterexample: 'Assume for the moment that the hypothesis is true. Now, let's suppose we find a counterexample. So what? QED.' ------------------------------ Date: 22 Nov 1985 9:37-PST From: Soon Yau Kong <soon@su-whitney.ARPA> Subject: addendum to list of proof methodologies [Forwarded from the Stanford bboard by Laws@SRI-AI.] "For the last century no one acquainted with the facts has disputed ... - An equivalent statement is "I didn't look up the actual facts but since most people I know think this way,it follows that everyone else does too". Also called proof by assumption -Soon [This was in reference to a bboard discussion on evolution. -- KIL] ------------------------------ Date: Thu 14 Nov 85 02:24:47-PST From: William "Chops" Westfield <BILLW@SU-SCORE.ARPA> Subject: Humor: Rinaldo's laws [Forwarded from the Stanford bboard by Laws@SRI-AI.] ***** sri-unix:net.ham-radio / eagle!karn / 4:17 pm Apr 18, 1983 The following was written by Paul Rinaldo, W4RI, until recently the President of AMRAD (the Amateur Research and Development Corp, a Washington-area organization of experimentally-minded radio amateurs.) Paul has accepted an opportunity to run the Technical Department of the ARRL. Rinaldo's Laws As I will be leaving the Washington area in early May, I thought it appropriate to share the wisdom that I have accumulated thus far. These truths have come not as a vision but by observation over time. Accordingly, I have synthesized the following laws: First Law. Choreography is its own reward. Some things are done only for the sake of form. Don't fight it by looking for substance in everything. Do it long enough and you'll find enjoyment in an elephant dance. Second Law. He who does the work shapes it. As applied to computers, he who writes the code rules (the Codin' rule). In meetings, he who writes the minutes determines the outcome. Third Law. The less the knowledge, the more jealously it is preserved. Societies with only a few precious facts make their people memorize them and pledge to faithfully abide by them. In contrast, highly developed disciplines quit worrying about losing knowledge (unless the computer crashes and there is no backup). Fourth Law. Excellence increases demands. Critics gather to spot tinier flaws as work nears perfection. Promptness invites impatience. In correspondence, the faster you answer a letter, the faster your correspondent will answer giving you something with a shorter deadline. This reaches a fever pitch with electronic mail. Fifth Law. Skills diminish professionalism. Engineers who admit to drafting skills are vulnerable to assignment of drafting work, just to help out. Similarly, female professionals should hide any clerical skills lest they be asked to pinch hit for one of the secretaries in the event of illness. Sixth Law. What separates the competent from the incompetent is the ability to cover up mistakes. Many successful sales demonstrations have been made with defective products in the hands of competent persons who avoid demonstrating the features which don't work. Beautiful Xerox copies can be made from originals riddled with correction fluid. Recovery from some grievous errors can be attained by simply announcing, "No problem. We'll just put it back in the word processor!" The computer software profession seems to be the exception; who else is so blatant as to have a term such as "debugging" to let the world know that they need extra time funded by the customer to correct their own errors. Seventh Law. Silence is not acquiescence. Contrary to what you may have heard, silence of those present is not necessarily consent, even the reluctant variety. They simply may sit in stunned silence and figure ways of sabotaging the plan after they regain their composure. Eighth Law. Quick-reaction and slow-reaction facilities rotate. Once people discover that there is a quick-reaction facility (QRF), they will try to get all their work done there, bogging it down in work and leaving the slow-reaction facility (SRF) nothing to do, thus becoming the faster of the two. Ninth Law. Complexity attracts brilliance. The KISS (keep it simple, stupid) principle is no fun and certainly not a professional approach. If you want brilliant people to do work for you make it complex and demanding. The true professional will spend 20 hours at the computer writing a one-time-use program that will replace 10 hours of clerical work. Anyway, 20 hours at professional rates pays more than 10 hours at clerical rates. Also, it's more intellectually rewarding. The greatest achievement is to use one's finest professional talents to accomplish something that didn't need to be done. Tenth Law. Bad guys are replaced. Did you ever rejoice over the departure of someone that you couldn't get along with only to find that a replica has shown up? When you are trying to make a U-turn and you have someone tailgating you, have you pulled off on a sidestreet, then into an alley only to find that two other cars are right behind you? ------------------------------ End of AIList Digest ********************