leff%smu@RELAY.CS.NET (12/01/86)
%T Toward a Computational Interpretation of Situation Semantics %A Yves Lesperance %J Computational Intelligence %V 2 %N 1 %D February 1986 %K AI16 AI02 %X Situation semantics proposes novel and attractive treatments for several problem areas of natural language semantics, such as efficiency (context sensitivity) and propositional attitude reports. Its focus on the information carried by utterances makes the approach very promising for accounting for pragmatic phenomena. However, situation semantics seems to oppose several basic assumptions underlying current approaches to natural language processing and the design of intelligent systems in general. It claims that efficiency undermines the standard notions of logical form, entailment, and proof theory, and objects to the view that mental processes necessarily involve internal representations. The paper attempts to clarify these issues and discusses the impact of situation semantics' criticisms for natural language processing, knowledge representation, and reasoning. We claim that the representational approach is the only practical one for the design of large intelligent systems, but argue that the representations used should be efficient in order to account for the systems embedding in its environment. We conclude by stating some constraints that a computational interpretation of situation semantics should obey and discussing remaining problems. %T The Role of Native Grammars in Correcting Errors in Second Language Learning %A Ethel Schuster %J Computational Intelligence %V 2 %N 2 %D May 1986 %K AI02 AA07 %X .ds VP \s-1VP\s0\*([.2\*(.] This paper describes, \(*VP, a system that has been implemented to tutor non-native speakers in English. This system differs from many tutoring systems by employing an explicit grammar of its user's native language. This grammar enables \*(VP to customize its responses by addressing problems due to interference of the native language. The system focuses on the acquisition of English verb-particle and verb-prepositional phrase constructions. Its correction strategy is based upon comparison of the native language grammar with an English grammar. \*(VP is a modular system: its grammar of a user's native language can be easily replaced by a grammar of another language. The problems and solutions presented in this paper are related to the more general question of how modeling previous knowledge facilitates instruction in a new skill. %T \s-1COACH\s0: A Tutor Based on Active Schemas %A Donald R. Gentner %J Computational Intelligence %V 2 %N 2 %D May 1986 %K AA07 %X The \s-1COACH\s0 system, a computer simulation of a human tutor, was constructed with the goal of obtaining a better understanding of how a tutor interprets the student's behavior, diagnoses difficulties, and gives advice. \s-1COACH\s0 gives advice to a student who is learning a simple computer programming language. Its intelligence is based on a hierarchy of active schemas that represent the tutor's general concepts, and on more specific information represented in a semantic network. The coordination of conceptually-guided and data-driven processing enables \s-1COACH\s0 to interpret student behavior, recognize errors, and give advice to the student. %T Formative Evaluation in the Development and Validation of Expert Systems in Education %A Alan M. Hofmeister %J Computational Intelligence %V 2 %N 2 %D May 1986 %K AA07 %X Researchers developing and validating educational products often expect the same field-test activities to provide information on product improvement and product effectiveness. For effective and economical use of resources, these two goals, product improvement and product validation, must be stressed at different times and with different tools and strategies. This article identifies the difference in procedures and outcome between formative and summative evaluation practices, and relates these practices to the development and validation of expert systems in education. %T The Design of the \s-1SCENT\s0 Automated Advisor %A Gordon McCalla %A Richard Bunt %A Janelle Harms %K AA07 T01 AT18 %X The \s-1SCENT\s0 (Student Computing Environment) project is concerned with building an intelligent tutoring system to help students debug their Lisp programs. The major thrust of current \s-1SCENT\s0 investigations is into the design of the \s-1SCENT\s0 advisor which is meant to provide debugging assistance to novice students. Six conceptual levels constitute the advisor. At the lowest level is the raw data'', consisting of the students (possibly buggy) program. This can be interpreted by a program behaviour'' level which can produce traces, cross-reference charts, etc., from the student's program. These traces, etc., can be analyzed by observers'' for interesting patterns. At the next level are strategy judges'' and diagnosticians'' which determine which strategy the student has used in his or her program and bugs in this strategy. A task expert'' provides task-specific input into the process of analyzing the student's solution, and a student knowledge component'' provides student-specific input into this process. Information from the six levels interacts in a variety of ways and control is similarly heterarchical. This necessitates a blackboard-style scheme to coordinate information dissemination and control flow. %T A Programming Language for Learning Environments %A J.I. Glasgow %A L.J. Hendren %A M.A. Jenkins %J Computational Intelligence %V 2 %N 2 %D May 1986 %X Most of the recent research on programming languages for education has been centered around the language Logo. In this paper we introduce another candidate language for learning environments, Nial, the nested interactive array language. .LP Nial is a general-purpose programming language based on a formal theory of mathematics called array theory. This paper introduces Nial as a language for learning programming and developing and using computer-aided instruction tools. A comparison with Logo is provided to evaluate these two languages in terms of their strengths and weaknesses as programming environments for novice programmers. We also demonstrate that a programming environment can be both simple to learn at the novice level and extendible to a powerful and sophisticated language. %T Student Modelling by an Expert System in an Intelligent Tutoring System %A Odile Palies %A Michel Caillot, %A Evelyne Cauzinille-Marmeche, %A Jean-Louis Lauriere %A Jacques Mathieu %J Computational Intelligence %V 2 %N 2 %D May 1986 %K Electre AA04 AA07 %X \s-1ELECTRE\s0 is a project to build an intelligent tutoring system for teaching basic electricity. This paper describes a student modeling based on the student's cognitive processes. This model includes for each student, his or her domain knowledge and the specific heuristics as well. Moreover, it uses meta-knowledge of problem solving. This model is simulated by a knowledge base which controls the solving processes by meta-rules. A case study is presented. %T Using knowledge generated in heuristic search for non-chronological backtracking %A Vasant Dhar %J Computational Intelligence %V 2 %N 3 %D August 1986 %K AI03 %X Problem solvers that use heuristics to guide choices often run into untenable situations that can be characterized as over-constrained. When this happens, the problem must be able to identify the right culprit from along its heuristic choices in order to avoid a potentially explosive search. In this paper, we present a solution to this for a certain class of problems where the justifications associated with choice points involve an explicit assessment of the pros and cons of choosing each alternative relative to its competitors. We have designed a problem solver that accumulates such knowledge about the pros and cons of alternative selections at choice points during heuristic search, which it updates in light of an evolving problem situation. Whenever untenable situations arise, this preserved knowledge is used in order to determine the most appropriate backtracking point. By endowing the backtracker with access to this domain-specific knowledge, a highly contextual approach to reasoning in backtracking situations can be achieved. %T Recognition algorithms for the Connection Machine\*(TM %A Anita M. Flynn %A John G. Harris %J Computational Intelligence %V 2 %N 3 %D August 1986 %K H03 AI03 AI06 %X This paper describes an object recognition algorithm both on a sequential machine and on a SIMD parallel processor such as the MIT Connection Machine. The problem, in the way it is presently formulated on a sequential machine, is essentially a propagation of constraints through a tree of possibilities in an attempt to prune the tree to a small number of leaves. The tree can become excessively large, however, and so implementations on massively parallel machines are sought in order to speed up the problem. Two fast parallel algorithms are described here. .br A static algorithm reformulates the problem by assigning every leaf in the completely expanded unpruned tree to a separate processor in the Connection Machine. Then pruning is done in nearly constant time by broadcasting constraints to the entire SIMD array. This parallel version is shown to run three to four orders of magnitude faster than the sequential version. For large recognition problems which would exceed the capacity of the machine, a dynamic algorithm is described which performs a series of loading and pruning steps, dynamically allocating and deallocating processors through the use of the Connection Machine's global router communications mechanism. %T Parsing with restricted quantification: An initial demonstration %A Alan M. Frisch %J Computational Intelligence %V 2 %N 3 %D August 1986 %K AI03 AI02 %X The primary goal of this paper is to illustrate how smaller deductive search spaces can be obtained by extending a logical language with restricted quantification and tailoring an interface system to this extension. The illustration examines the search spaces for a bottom-up parse of a sentence with a series of four strongly equivalent grammars. The grammars are stated in logical languages of increasing expressiveness, each restatement resulting in a more concise grammar and a smaller search space. .sp A secondary goal is to point out an area where further research could yield results useful to the design of efficient parsers, particularly for grammatical formalisms that rely heavily on feature systems. %T An explanation shell for expert systems %A Leon Sterling %A Marucha Lalee %J Computational Intelligence %V 2 %N 3 %D August 1986 %K T02 T03 AI01 %X We describe a shell for expert systems written in Prolog. The shell provides a consultation environment and a range of explanation capabilities. The design of the shell is modular, making it very easy to extend the shell with extra features required by a particular expert system. The novelty of the shell is twofold. Firstly it has a uniform design consisting of an integrated collection of meta-interpreters. Secondly, there is a new approach for explaining `why not', when a query to the system fails. %A Lisa L. Spiegelman %T Object-Oriented Programming Language to Employ Windows Operating Environment %J Infoworld %D OCT 6, 1986 %V 8 %N 40 %P 10 %K H01 AT02 %X Actor is available from White Water Group for $495.00. It is an object oriented programming language using exchange of information between windows in Microsoft's Window environment. It is allegedly for AI developers. %A Priscilla M. Chabal %T Extension Enables Image-Pro to Work In Protected Mode on 286 Machines %J Infoworld %D OCT 6, 1986 %V 8 %N 40 %P 31 %K AI06 H01 AT02 %X Image-Pro, an image processing software package for the IBM-PC, can now make use of more than 640 K on 286 based computers. %A David Bright %T John Blankenbaker: Inventor of Kenbak-I %J ComputerWorld %V 20 %N 44 %D NOV 3, 1986 %P 173 %K H02 %X Biography of the designer of the production version of the Symbolics LISP mac hine. He also developed a $750.00 personal computer in 1971 but only sold 48 of them. It used several chips for the CPU. He also worked at Quotron. %A Alan Alper %T Researchers Focus on Promise of Eye-Gaze Technology %J ComputerWorld %V 20 %N 44 %D NOV 3, 1986 %K O01 %X discussion of the use of technology to read where the eye is looking to contr ol computers. Sentinent is selling a $3000.00 eye project c IBM has a patent for an eye-tracking mechanism that was accurate enough to control a computer. Analytics is developing eye-gaze technology to use in concert with voice recognition. They are accurate to less than 1 degree of arc. They are also looking into the possibility of reading a magnetoencephlograph for the same control purpose. %A A. Terry Bahill %A Wiliam R. Ferrell %T Teaching an Introductory Course in Expert Systems %J IEEE Expert %D Winter 1986 %V 1 %N 4 %P 59-63 %K AA01 AT18 %X Lists various projects that students completed. One of the most interesting was an autology expert system that was rated by a real speech expert. The speech expert stated that the system had correct rules but she could see what books she got them from. It did give her insight in teaching methods and to what she was actually doing. It turned out that the students interviewed a resident rather than a true \fIexpert\fR. The system used MI the MIT videotapes, the M.1 shell instructor's package and lecture notes. The course was rated very good on student evaluations. %T Medical Applications %J IEEE Expert %D Winter 1986 %V 1 %N 4 %P 10-14 %K mycin puff emycin oncocin Cadeucius AI01 AA01 H01 Referee AI01 AA02 AA10 AI04 Rulemaster %X Caduceus (used to be Internist) now proves more accurate than the average physician, comparable to teams of physician and almost as good as expert physicians asked to review the case in retrospect. Oncocin now is comparable relative to physicians treating patients at Stanford. Referee is being developed to help physicians judge medical studies. Also being developed is an expert system for nuclear magnetic resonance in determining protein molecule structures. The system is unusual in that experts are not very good at this either. .sp 1 Cedars-Sinai medical researchers are developing a system for assisting cardiologists. The system is being developed from examples using Radian. %A Joseph Urban %T Building Intelligence into Software Tools %J IEEE Expert %D Winter 1986 %V 1 %N 4 %P 21 %K AA08 AI01 %X intro to special issue on software engineering applications of expert systems %A I. Zulkerman %A W. Tsai %A D. Volovik %T Expert Systems and Software Engineering: Ready for Marriage? %J IEEE Expert %D Winter 1986 %V 1 %N 4 %P 24-31 %K AA08 AI01 %X this article consisted of a summary of expert system technologies, software engineering technologies. There was little material in this article relating how to apply AI tools to software engineering. %A Mitchell D. Lubars %A Mehdi T. Harandi %T Intelligent Support for Software Specification and Design %J IEEE Expert %D Winter 1986 %V 1 %N 4 %P 33-41 %K AA08 %X describes a system to help develop dataflow diagrams (these are used by many designers for specifying software systems). It finds subparts to put into the system to perform various tasks similar to the way KBEmacs finds pieces of code to instantiate for various needs the user has. The system is integrated into the Polylith system for configuration complicated software systems and dataflow diagram analysis tools. The system has been working on smaller examples. %A Martin Herbert %A Curt Hartog %T MIS Rates the Issues %J Datamation %V NOV 15 %V 192 %N 32 %K AA06 %X reports result of surveying the MIS managers for Fortune 1000 companies. They were asked to rank various issues ranging from 1 (unimportant) to 4 (most important). "Expert systems and Artificial Intelligence" was rated the lowerst 2.21. To put this in perspective, here are some other ratings: .br CIM, 2.25, Strategic Systems 2.42, Aligning MIS with Business Goals, 3.54, 'Telecommunications 3.17. %T Parallel Processing Startup will Take on the Big Players %J Electronic News %D NOV 13, 1986 %V 59 %N 35 %P 21 %K AT02 H03 Dado Columbia tree %X The Dado, a tree structure architecture, implemented at Columbia University is being developed by a startup company. It consists of 16 to 64 68020 processors and will cost $90,000. It will work as an accelerator in conjunction with a SUN work station. %T Low-cost Camera Converts Photos to PC Images %J Electronic News %D NOV 13, 1986 %V 59 %N 35 %P 25 %K AI06 AT02 %X a $1200 camera that converts color images to digital data in a PC is available from Ulie Research Labs. %A Charles Cohen %T Sensor Lets Robots Do Top-Quality Arc Welding %J Electronic News %D NOV 13, 1986 %V 59 %N 35 %P 43-45 %K AA26 AI06 AI07 %X describes new vision sensor for robots doing arc welding. %T Integrated Artificial Intelligence System Tackles Newspaper Pagination Challenge %J Insight %V 6 %N 9 %D NOV 1986 %P 3-5 %K AI01 H03 Composition Systems AI02 %X Description of Composition Systems commercial AI driven newspaper layout system. The system consists of three cooperating modules which can be bought separately or combined with the use of META to resolve conflicts. The system allows natural language questions to find out policies for newspaper layout that were previously entered or to find the status of particular pages. The sytem allows automatic entry of adds by customers with personal computers. Some of the policies implemented are attempting to insure that coupons are not backed by important material. %A Jesse Victor %T ANSI Display Management Aids Real-Time Imaging %J Mini-Micro Systems %D NOV 1986 %P 43-47 %V 19 %N 13 %K AT02 AI06 H01 datacube University of Lowell Georges Grinstein %X Datacube sells an ANSI display system standard system. It supports 512 by 512 pixel systems. The system costs $9000.00 dollars. It is anticipated that the software will include a natural language interface, expert system tools. %A H. A. Simon %T Whether Software Engineering Needs to be Artificially Intelligent %J IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering %D JUL 1986 %V SE-12 %N 7 %P 726-732 %K AA08 AT14 %A Allen T. Goldberg %T Knowledge-Based Programming: A Survey of Program Design and Construction Techniques %J IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering %D JUL 1986 %V SE-12 %N 7 %P 752-768 %K AT08 AA08 %A Priscilla M. Chabal %T Firm Announces Expert System Environment for IBM RT Workstation %J InfoWorld %D SEP 29, 1986 %V 8 %N 39 %P 24 %K T01 AT02 H01 %X The GURU expert system is available for the IBM RT for $17000. %A Hank Bannister %T Borland Introduces Turbo Prolog, Version 1.1 %J InfoWorld %D SEP 29, 1986 %V 8 %N 39 %P 3 %K AT02 H01 T03 T02 AI02 %X Borland introduced Version 1.1 which adds speed improvements to the compiler, interface to other languages, a natural language parser and a sample expert system shell %A Steven Burke %T Lotus to Release Its Long-Awaited Human Language Add-on October 6 %J InfoWorld %D SEP 29, 1986 %V 8 %N 39 %P 12 %K AT02 H01 AI02 AA15 %X Hal will be released on October 6 from Lotus which is a natural language interface to Lotus 1-2-3 %A Ninamary Buba Maginnis %T Publishers Await System %J ComputerWorld %D NOV 10, 1986 %V 20 %N 45 %P 19+ %K AT02 AI01 Composition Systems newspaper AA20 %X Describes an expert publishing system from Composition systems which sells for $600,000 to $2,000,000 depending upon the size of the newspaper. .sp 1 Also describes Michael Stock who is the leader of the effort. He plans to work in process control and is a self-described workaholic. He plans to work in process control expert systems including systems that work with several loops at a time.