arnold@csu-cs.UUCP (Ed Arnold) (04/09/84)
Hello, When I posted the diffs to dtree I received a lot of requests to mail or post the revised source. There, in my opinion, were enough requests that a reposting is in order. What follows is the current local version of dtree. As I've said before links have been coaxed into working. Another modification has been made as of my last diff posting. A local wizard has hacked the source such that it will search down the path of a directory that is greater than 14 characters or the specified column width. Credit for the new hack goes to Mike Vevea (csu-cs!vevea). By the way, all of these modifications are for the 4.2bsd version of our favorite operating system. All sites with 4.1 that may sometime in the future upgrade to 4.2 can install the fixes for "upward compatibility." I apologize to all of those who mailed to me weeks ago, I was trying to post this as soon as possible but ran into some delays. Thanks for all the positive input and comments. Cheers, Ed Arnold {hplabs,hpfcla,unmvax,hao,denelcor} (csu-cs!arnold) Colorado State University Ft. Collins, Colorado Tear here: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /* * DTREE - Print the tree structure of a directory * 4/7/83 name was changed from TREE to DTREE * 9/7/83 mods for 4.1c and 4.2 dirctory structure added * * Dave Borman, Digital Unix Engineering Group * decvax!borman * Originally written at St. Olaf College, Northfield MN. * Copyright (c) 1983 by Dave Borman * All rights reserved * This program may not be sold, but may be distributed * provided this header is included. * * Compile: PDP V7 w/split i&d cc -O dtree.c -i -n -o dtree * VAX 4.1bsd cc -O dtree.c -n -o dtree * VAX 4.2bsd cc -O -DNEWDIR -DLINK dtree.c -n -o dtree * * Usage: dtree -[adfglnpsvx] [-b filenamesize] [-c linelength] [top] * Flags: -a) include non-directory entries in listing * -d) sort tree with directories at the top * -f) sort tree with files at the top * -g) same as l, but use group name instead of user name * -l) print stats with each listing * if both g & l flags are given, both owner and * group will be printed * -n) do not sort the tree * -p) include files starting with a '.' (except "." & "..") * -s) use shorter stats. Implies -l if -g isn't given. * -v) variable length columns * -x) do not cross mounted file systems. * -b length) big directory names (define the max. name length) * -c length) set max column length to "length" (if col. * length > file name length, this implies -b also) */ /* Modified by Ed Arnold CSU-CS (csu-cs!arnold) 3-5-84 * * Allows symbolic links to both directories and individual files. * With a '-l' or '-al' option, links are denoted with a 'l' in front of * file or directory permissions. In all other instances both links to * directories and files are represented just as files are. Contents of * linked directories are not printed due to the possibility of * recursively linked directories. * * Big directory name option added by: * Mike Vevea CSU-CS (csu-cs!vevea) 3-22-84 */ #define STATS /* comment out to remove stats, giving more core space */ /* and thus the ability to tree larger tree structures */ /* on PDP 11/70s */ /* #define NEWDIR /* directory structure ala Berkeley 4.1c or 4.2 */ /* #define LINK /* allows links to be processed in Berkeley 4.2 version NEWDIR must be defined as well as LINK */ static char Sccsid[]="@(#)dtree.c 2.3 2/14/84"; #ifdef LINK static char Rcsid[] ="$Header: dtree.c,v 3.0 84/03/30 22:57:31 arnold Exp $"; #endif LINK #include <stdio.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #ifdef STATS # include <pwd.h> # include <grp.h> #endif STATS #ifdef NEWDIR # include <sys/dir.h> #else # include <sys/dir.h> #endif NEWDIR #define DEFDIRSIZ 14 #define DEFCOLWID 14 #ifndef MAXNAMLEN # define MAXNAMLEN DEFCOLWID #endif /* * TWIDDLE is a fudge factor. It should be declared so that * sizeof(struct entry) is on a nice boundry. */ #define TWIDDLE 4 #define addr(b,o) ((struct entry *)\ ((int)(b) + (o)*(sizeof(struct entry)+Length-TWIDDLE))) #define SIZEOFentry (sizeof(struct entry) + Length - TWIDDLE) #define DEPTH 10 /* maximum depth that dtree will go */ #define MAX 100 /* initial # of elements for list of files */ #define PWD "/bin/pwd" /* program to get name of current dir */ #define DATE "/bin/date" /* program to print current date */ #define FFIRST 2 /* sort files first */ #define DFIRST 1 /* sort directories first */ #define FAIL -1 /* failure return status of sys calls */ #define GREATER 1 /* return value of strcmp if arg1 > arg2 */ #define LESSTHAN -1 /* return value of strcmp if arg1 < arg2 */ #define SAME 0 /* return value of strcmp if arg1 == arg2 */ int Index = 0; /* current element of list[] */ int Length = DEFDIRSIZ; /* max length of a dir. name */ int CLength = DEFCOLWID; /* max length of a column */ int All = 0; /* all != 0; list non-directory entries */ int File_dir = 0; /* flag for how to sort */ int Sort = 1; /* flag to cause sorting of entries */ int Point = 1; /* skip point files if set */ int Maxes[DEPTH]; /* array keeps track of max length in columns */ int Level = 0; /* counter for how deep we are */ int Device; /* device that we are starting tree on */ int Xdev = 1; /* set to allow crossing of devices */ int Varspaces = 0; /* set to allow compaction of column width */ #ifdef STATS int Gflag = 0; /* set for group stats instead of owner */ int Longflg = 0; /* set for long listing */ int Compact = 0; /* set for shortened long listing */ #endif STATS struct stat Status; #ifdef LINK struct stat Lstat; /* stat of link, if there is one */ #endif LINK struct entry { int next; /* index to next element in list */ /* could be a ptr, but realloc() */ /* might screw us then */ #ifdef STATS off_t e_size; /* size in blocks */ unsigned short e_mode; /* file mode */ short e_uid; /* uid of owner */ short e_gid; /* gid of owner */ #endif STATS short unsigned dir : 1; /* entry is a directory */ short unsigned last : 1; /* last entry in the dir. */ short unsigned dev : 1; /* set if same device as top */ short unsigned end : 13; /* index of last subdir entry*/ char e_name[TWIDDLE]; /* name from directory entry */ /* it will actually be larger */ } *List, *SaveList; unsigned Size; /* how big of space we've malloced */ char *Spaces; /* used for output */ char Buf1[BUFSIZ]; /* buffers for stdio stuff. We don't want */ char Buf2[BUFSIZ]; /* anyone calling malloc, because then */ char Buf3[BUFSIZ]; /* realloc() will have to move the whole list */ main(argc, argv) char **argv; int argc; { register int i, j = 0; int flag = 0; /* used to jump over 'c' argument */ char top[128]; /* array for treetop name */ char home[128]; /* starting dir for multiple trees */ char *ptr; char *malloc(); char *rindex(); FILE *istr, *popen(); setbuf(stdout, Buf1); for (j=1; j<argc; j++) { if (flag) { /* saw a 'c' or 'b', so jump over value */ if (flag > 1) j += flag-1; flag = 0; continue; } if (argv[j][0] == '-') { for (i = 1; i < strlen(argv[j]); i++) { switch (argv[j][i]) { case 'a': All = 1; break; case 'b': Length = atoi(argv[j+1+flag]); if (Length > MAXNAMLEN) Length = MAXNAMLEN; else if (Length < 1) Length = DEFCOLWID; flag += 1; break; case 'c': CLength = atoi(argv[j+1+flag]); if (CLength > MAXNAMLEN) CLength = MAXNAMLEN; else if (CLength < 1) CLength = DEFCOLWID; if (Length < CLength) Length = CLength; flag += 1; break; case 'd': File_dir = DFIRST; break; case 'f': File_dir = FFIRST; break; case 'n': Sort = 0; break; case 'p': Point = 0; break; case 'v': Varspaces = 1; break; case 'x': Xdev = 0; break; #ifdef STATS case 'g': Gflag = 1; break; case 'l': Longflg = 1; break; case 's': Compact = 1; break; #endif STATS default: fprintf(stderr, "Bad flag: %c\n", argv[j][i]); fprintf(stderr, #ifdef STATS "Usage: dtree -[adfglnpsvx] [-b filenamesize] [-c linelength] [directory ... ]\n"); #else STATS "Usage: dtree -[adfglnpsvx] [-b filenamesize] [-c linelength] [directory ... ]\n"); #endif STATS exit(FAIL); } } } else break; } #ifdef STATS if (Compact && !Gflag) Longflg = 1; #endif STATS /* Establish where we are (our home base...) */ if ((istr = popen(PWD, "r")) == NULL) { fprintf(stderr,"dtree: %s failed\n", PWD); exit(1); } else { setbuf(istr, Buf2); if (fgets(home, 128, istr) == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "dtree: EOF from %s\n", PWD); exit(1); } } pclose(istr); if (home[strlen(home)-1] == '\n') home[strlen(home)-1] = '\0'; Spaces = malloc(Length+2); for(i = 0; i < Length + 1; i++) Spaces[i] = ' '; Spaces[i] = '\0'; /* Get initial Storage space */ Size = SIZEOFentry * MAX; SaveList = (struct entry *)malloc(Size); /* adjust for no specified directory */ if (j == argc) argv[--j] = ".\0"; system(DATE); printf("\n"); /* walk down the rest of the args, treeing them one at at time */ for (; j < argc; j++) { if (chdir(home) == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "Can't chdir back to %s\n", home); exit(1); } sprintf(top, "%s", argv[j]); if (chdir(top) == FAIL) { fprintf(stderr, "Can't chdir to %s\n", top); continue; } else if ((istr = popen(PWD, "r")) == NULL) { fprintf(stderr,"dtree: %s failed\n", PWD); continue; } else { setbuf(istr, Buf2); if (fgets(top, 128, istr) == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "dtree: EOF from %s\n", PWD); pclose(istr); continue; } ptr = top; while (*ptr && (*ptr != '\n')) ptr++; *ptr = '\0'; pclose(istr); } List = SaveList; Index = 0; ptr = rindex(top, '/'); if (!ptr || *++ptr == '\0') sprintf(addr(List,Index)->e_name, "%.*s", Length, top); else sprintf(addr(List,Index)->e_name, "%.*s", Length, ptr); if(stat(top, &Status) == FAIL) { fprintf(stderr, "Can't stat %s\n", top); continue; } Device = Status.st_dev; addr(List,0)->dir = 1; addr(List,0)->last = 1; addr(List,0)->next = 1; #ifdef STATS addr(List,0)->e_mode = Status.st_mode; addr(List,0)->e_uid = Status.st_uid; addr(List,0)->e_gid = Status.st_gid; addr(List,0)->e_size = Status.st_size; #endif STATS Index = 1; for (i = 1; i < DEPTH; i++) Maxes[i] = 0; Maxes[0] = stln(addr(List,0)->e_name); Level = 1; /* search the tree */ addr(List,0)->end = t_search(top, addr(List,0)); if (Index == 1) /* empty tree */ addr(List,0)->next = 0; if (All) printf("\nDirectory structure and contents of %s\n", top); else printf("\nDirectory structure of %s\n", top); if (Point) printf("(excluding entries that begin with '.')\n"); pt_tree(); /* print the tree */ } } t_search(dir, addrs) char *dir; struct entry *addrs; { int bsort; /* index to begin sort */ int stmp; /* save temporary index value */ struct entry *sstep; /* saved step in list */ int nitems; /* # of items in this directory */ #ifdef NEWDIR DIR *dirp; /* pointer to directory */ #else FILE *dirp; #endif char sub[MAXNAMLEN+1]; /* used for subdirectory names */ int i; #ifdef NEWDIR struct direct *dp; #else struct direct dirent; struct direct *dp = &dirent; #endif NEWDIR int n_subs = 0; int tmp = 0; extern qsort(); int compar(); /* comparison routine for qsort */ char *realloc(); #ifdef NEWDIR dirp = opendir("."); #else dirp = fopen(".", "r"); #endif NEWDIR if (dirp == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open %s\n", dir); return(0); } #ifndef NEWDIR setbuf(dirp, Buf3); #endif NEWDIR bsort = Index; sstep = addr(List,bsort); /* initialize sstep for for loop later on */ nitems = Index; /* get the entries of the directory that we are interested in */ #ifndef NEWDIR while (fread((char *)(dp), sizeof(struct direct), 1, dirp) == 1) { #else while ((dp = readdir(dirp)) != NULL) { #endif NEWDIR if (!dp->d_ino || (strcmp(dp->d_name, ".") == SAME) || (strcmp(dp->d_name, "..") == SAME) || (Point && dp->d_name[0] == '.')) continue; sprintf(sub, "%s", dp->d_name); #ifdef LINK if (lstat (sub,&Lstat) == FAIL) { fprintf(stderr, "%s:lstat can't find\n", sub); continue; } #endif LINK if ((tmp = stat(sub, &Status)) == FAIL) { fprintf(stderr, "%s:stat can't find\n", sub); continue; } #ifdef LINK if (((Lstat.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK) && ((Status.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)) addr(List,Index)->dir = 0; else if ((((Lstat.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK) && ((Status.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFDIR)) && (All)) addr(List,Index)->dir = 0; #endif LINK else if ((Status.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR) addr(List,Index)->dir = 1; else if (All) addr(List,Index)->dir = 0; else continue; sprintf(addr(List,Index)->e_name, "%.*s", Length, dp->d_name); addr(List,Index)->last = 0; addr(List,Index)->end = 0; #ifdef LINK if ((Lstat.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK) { addr(List,Index)->dev = (Device == Lstat.st_dev); addr(List,Index)->e_mode = Lstat.st_mode; addr(List,Index)->e_uid = Lstat.st_uid; addr(List,Index)->e_gid = Lstat.st_gid; addr(List,Index)->e_size = Lstat.st_size; } else { #endif LINK addr(List,Index)->dev = (Device == Status.st_dev); #ifdef STATS addr(List,Index)->e_mode = Status.st_mode; addr(List,Index)->e_uid = Status.st_uid; addr(List,Index)->e_gid = Status.st_gid; addr(List,Index)->e_size = Status.st_size; #endif STATS #ifdef LINK } #endif LINK if (stln(addr(List,Index)->e_name) > Maxes[Level]) Maxes[Level] = stln(addr(List,Index)->e_name); ++Index; if (Index*SIZEOFentry >= Size) { Size += 20*SIZEOFentry; if (!(List = (struct entry *)realloc((char *)List, Size))) { fprintf(stderr, "Out of space\n"); break; } } } #ifdef NEWDIR closedir(dirp); #else fclose(dirp); #endif NEWDIR nitems = Index - nitems; /* nitems now contains the # of */ /* items in this dir, rather than */ /* # total items before this dir */ if (Sort) qsort(addr(List,bsort), nitems, SIZEOFentry, compar); addr(List,Index-1)->last = 1; /* mark last item for this dir */ n_subs = nitems; stmp = Index; /* now walk through, and recurse on directory entries */ /* sstep was initialized above */ for (i = 0; i < nitems; sstep = addr(List,stmp - nitems+(++i))) { if (sstep->dir && (Xdev || sstep->dev)) { sstep->next = Index; sprintf(sub, "%.*s", Length, sstep->e_name); tmp = n_subs; Level++; if (chdir(sub) == FAIL) fprintf(stderr, "Can't chdir to %s/%s\n", dir, sub); else { n_subs += t_search(sub, sstep); if (chdir("..") == FAIL) { fprintf(stderr, "No '..' in %s/%s!\n",dir, sub); exit(1); } } --Level; if (n_subs - tmp <= 0) sstep->next = 0; else --n_subs; } else sstep->next = 0; } addrs->end = (unsigned)n_subs; return(n_subs); } /* * comparison routine for qsort */ compar(a, b) struct entry *a, *b; { if (!File_dir) /* straight alphabetical */ return(strncmp(a->e_name, b->e_name, Length)); /* sort alphabetically if both dirs or both not dirs */ if ((a->dir && b->dir) || (!a->dir && !b->dir)) return(strncmp(a->e_name, b->e_name, Length)); if (File_dir == FFIRST) { /* sort by files first */ if (a->dir) return(GREATER); else return(LESSTHAN); } if (a->dir) /* sort by dir first */ return(LESSTHAN); else return(GREATER); } pt_tree() { register int i,j; struct entry *l; struct entry *hdr[DEPTH]; int posit[DEPTH]; /* array of positions to print dirs */ int con[DEPTH]; /* flags for connecting up tree */ char flag; /* flag to leave blank line after dir */ struct entry *stack[DEPTH]; /* save positions for changing levels */ int top = 0; /* index to top of stack */ int count = 1; /* count of line of output */ #ifdef STATS char *getmode(); char *guid(), *ggid(); #endif STATS Level = 0; /* initialize Level */ /* this loop appends each entry with dashes or spaces, for */ /* directories or files respectively */ for (i = 0; i < Index; i++) { for (j = 0; j < Length; j++) { if (!addr(List,i)->e_name[j]) break; } if (addr(List,i)->dir) { for (; j < Length; j++) addr(List,i)->e_name[j] = '-'; } else { for (; j < Length; j++) addr(List,i)->e_name[j] = ' '; } } /* adjust the Maxes array according to the flags */ for (i = 0; i < DEPTH; i++) { if (Varspaces) { if (Maxes[i] > CLength ) Maxes[i] = CLength; } else Maxes[i] = CLength; } /* clear the connective and position flags */ for (i = 0; i < DEPTH; i++) con[i] = posit[i] = 0; /* this is the main loop to print the tree structure. */ l = addr(List,0); j = 0; for (;;) { /* directory entry, save it for later printing */ if (l->dir != 0 && l->next != 0) { hdr[Level] = l; posit[Level] = count + (l->end + 1)/2 - 1; flag = 1; stack[top++] = l; l = addr(List,l->next); ++Level; continue; } #ifdef STATS do_it_again: #endif STATS /* print columns up to our entry */ for (j = 0; j < (flag ? Level-1 : Level); j++) { if (!flag && posit[j] && posit[j] <= count) { /* time to print it */ if (hdr[j]->e_name[CLength-1] != '-') hdr[j]->e_name[CLength-1] = '*'; printf("|-%.*s",Maxes[j],hdr[j]->e_name); posit[j] = 0; if (hdr[j]->last != 0) con[j] = 0; else con[j] = 1; #ifdef STATS if (Gflag || Longflg) { if ((i = j+1) <= Level) printf("| %.*s", Maxes[i], Spaces); for (i++; i <= Level; i++) { printf("%c %.*s", (con[i] ? '|' : ' '), Maxes[i], Spaces); } if (!Compact) { printf("%s ", getmode(hdr[j]->e_mode)); if (Longflg) printf("%8.8s ",guid(hdr[j]->e_uid)); if (Gflag) printf("%8.8s ",ggid(hdr[j]->e_gid)); printf("%7ld\n", (hdr[j]->e_size+511L)/512L); } else { printf(" %04o ",hdr[j]->e_mode & 07777); if (Longflg) printf("%5u ", hdr[j]->e_uid); if (Gflag) printf("%5u ", hdr[j]->e_gid); printf("%7ld\n", (hdr[j]->e_size+511L)/512L); } goto do_it_again; } #endif STATS } else printf("%c %.*s", (con[j] ? '|' : ' '), Maxes[j], Spaces); } if (flag) { /* start of directory, so leave a blank line */ printf(con[j] ? "|\n" : "\n"); flag = 0; continue; } else { /* normal file name, print it out */ if (l->e_name[CLength-1] != '-' && l->e_name[CLength-1] != ' ') l->e_name[CLength-1] = '*'; printf("|-%.*s",Maxes[Level],l->e_name); if (l->last) { con[j] = 0; } else { con[j] = 1; } #ifdef STATS if (Gflag || Longflg) { if (Compact) { printf(" %04o ", l->e_mode & 07777); if (Longflg) printf("%5u ", l->e_uid); if (Gflag) printf("%5u ", l->e_gid); printf("%7ld", (l->e_size+511L)/512L); } else { printf("%s ", getmode(l->e_mode)); if (Longflg) printf("%8.8s ",guid(l->e_uid)); if (Gflag) printf("%8.8s ",ggid(l->e_gid)); printf("%7ld", (l->e_size+511L)/512L); } } #endif STATS } printf("\n"); if (l->last) { /* walk back up */ while (l->last) { --Level; if (--top <= 0) return; l = stack[top]; } } l = addr(l,1); ++count; } } #ifdef STATS char * guid(uid) short uid; { static char tb[10]; extern struct passwd *getpwuid(); struct passwd *pswd; pswd = getpwuid(uid); if (pswd == NULL) sprintf(tb,"%u", uid); else sprintf(tb, "%8s", pswd->pw_name); return(tb); } char * ggid(gid) short gid; { static char tb[10]; extern struct group *getgrgid(); struct group *grp; grp = getgrgid(gid); if (grp == NULL) sprintf(tb,"%u", gid); else sprintf(tb, "%8s", grp->gr_name); return(tb); } /* take the mode and make it into a nice character string */ char * getmode(p_mode) unsigned short p_mode; { static char a_mode[16]; register int i = 0, j = 0; a_mode[j++] = ' '; switch (p_mode & S_IFMT) { #ifdef LINK case S_IFLNK: a_mode[j++] = 'l'; break; #endif LINK case S_IFDIR: a_mode[j++] = 'd'; break; #ifdef S_IFMPC /* defined in stats.h if you have MPX files */ case S_IFMPC: a_mode[j-1] = 'm'; /* FALL THROUGH */ #endif S_IFMPC case S_IFCHR: a_mode[j++] = 'c'; break; #ifdef S_IFMPB /* defined in stats.h if you have MPX files */ case S_IFMPB: a_mode[j-1] = 'm'; /* FALL THROUGH */ #endif S_IFMPB case S_IFBLK: a_mode[j++] = 'b'; break; case S_IFREG: default: a_mode[j++] = (p_mode & S_ISVTX) ? 't' : ' '; break; } a_mode[j++] = ' '; for( i = 0;i<3;i++ ) { a_mode[j++] = (p_mode<<(3*i) & S_IREAD) ? 'r' : '-'; a_mode[j++] = (p_mode<<(3*i) & S_IWRITE) ? 'w' : '-'; a_mode[j++] = (i<2 && (p_mode<<i & S_ISUID)) ? 's' : ((p_mode<<(3*i) & S_IEXEC ) ? 'x' : '-'); a_mode[j++] = ' '; } a_mode[j] = '\0'; return(a_mode); } #endif /* stln - sortof like strlen, returns length up to Length-1 */ stln(st) register char *st; { register int t; for (t=0; t<Length-1; ++t) if (!st[t]) return (++t); return (++t); } /* * Return a pointer into str at which the character * c last appears; NULL if not found. */ char * rindex(str, c) register char *str, c; { register char *ptr; ptr = NULL; do { if (*str == c) ptr = str; } while (*str++); return(ptr); }
sgt@alice.UucP (Steve Tell) (04/30/86)
I just downloaded and compiled the source to the dtree directory tree program posted recently. The version posted chokes on files (not necessarily directories) whose name has a length of 14 characters. What happens is that in the directory entry for such a file, there is no room for the null padding that usually precedes the inode-number for the next entry to pad out the name to the required size. The result is that the offending file comes up "<file> can't stat" and then you get a whole slew of strange names that can't be stat'ed, most containing binary stuff that messes up your terminal. Here's the fix, direct from diff -c: *** dtree.c Wed Apr 30 01:37:00 1986 <-------------OLD FILE --- ../dtree/dtree.c Wed Apr 30 01:34:27 1986 <-NEW FILE *************** *** 406,411 || (Point && dp->d_name[0] == '.')) continue; sprintf(sub, "%s", dp->d_name); #ifdef LINK if (lstat (sub,&Lstat) == FAIL) { --- 406,415 ----- || (Point && dp->d_name[0] == '.')) continue; + #ifndef NEWDIR /*** Here's the fix ***/ + strncpy(sub, dp->d_name, 14); + sub[14] = 0; + #else sprintf(sub, "%s", dp->d_name); #endif NEWDIR #ifdef LINK *************** *** 407,412 continue; sprintf(sub, "%s", dp->d_name); #ifdef LINK if (lstat (sub,&Lstat) == FAIL) { fprintf(stderr, "%s:lstat can't find\n", sub); --- 411,417 ----- sub[14] = 0; #else sprintf(sub, "%s", dp->d_name); + #endif NEWDIR #ifdef LINK if (lstat (sub,&Lstat) == FAIL) { fprintf(stderr, "%s:lstat can't find\n", sub); ----- Note that this only makes a difference on pre-BSD-4.1c file systems. Steve Tell, AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ