daemon@ucbvax.UUCP (08/22/84)
From MCGREW@RUTGERS.ARPA Wed Aug 22 09:56:08 1984
HUMAN-NETS Digest Tuesday, 21 Aug 1984 Volume 7 : Issue 47
Today's Topics:
Computers and the Law - Tapping lines to halt software smuggling,
Information - Low level Microwaves and Cancer,
Chess - Delphi: Move 7
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Mon, 20 Aug 84 14:39:11 PDT
From: Rutenberg.pa@XEROX.ARPA
Subject: U.S. may tap lines to halt software smuggling by phone
The following is from a recent issue of the San Jose Mercury News.
Besides the obvious potential impact on network users, it also has
significance for censorship & restrictions of foreigners from
conferences (they want to be able to place "intellectual property" on
restriction lists).
Some issues that the article raises include:
- How are they going to spot a restricted program being sent?
The NSA already does interception based on keywords for international
Telex traffic so obvious keywords in plain text should be easy, but
what if the restricted program is scrambled before being sent (e.g.
compiled for a specific machine or encrypted).
- Is tapping phones really going to stem the flow of software
out of the country? Surely it is rather trivial to physically smuggle
it out; a tape holds 150 MBytes and even a tiny Macintosh diskette
holds almost half a megabyte.
In any case, it is rather obvious that solid encryption is going to
become a necessity. It also brings up the issue of DES's security
again since the government apparently doesn't see DES as an easy way
to avoid their monitoring.
I'm confused!
Mike
-------------
U.S. may tap lines to halt software smuggling by phone
The Washington Post
The Reagan administration may expand electronic surveillance activity
to prevent sensitive computer software from being smuggled overseas
through international telephone calls, according to U.S. officials.
The effort to control software exports is part of the administration's
drive to deny the Soviet bloc access to high technology that could be
used for military purposes. Software - the instructions that tell
computers what calculations to perform - can be used for a wide
variety of military applications, ranging from designing weapons to
keeping track of materials.
However, unlike main-frame computers, machine tools, or other pieces
of hardware that can be physically inspected before export, computer
software and data not only can be exported on disc or tape, but they
can also be transformed into electronic impulses and sent at the speed
of light to virtually any country over the international telephone
network. Commerce Department officials and Pentagon analysts say they
need a way to monitor the flow of international computer
communications to detect illegal exports.
Devising such a surveillance policy poses special problems for law
enforcement and intelligence agencies. Existing criminal wiretap laws
and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 were designed
primarily for monitoring voice communications and generally require
court approval. The extent to which the National Security Agency and
Justice Department monitor conversations under those laws is not
known.
A key issue to be resolved is whether those laws allow monitoring of
data communications without court approval.
"We don't believe that (the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act)
constitutes a statutory prohibition against all warrant-less
surveillance involving non-aural acquisition of communication," a
Justice Department official said in response to an inquiry from Sen.
Patrick Leahy, R-Vt., earlier this year. Several Justice Department
officials believe that the wiretap laws also do not prohibit
monitoring of data communications without a warrant.
"Exporting of controlled technologies through signals and modems" -
devices which let computers "talk" with one another over telephone
lines - "does create problems for us," said Theodore H. Wu, deputy
assistant secretary of commerce for export enforcement. He
acknowledged that discussions pertaining to wiretap technology as a
means to aid enforcement "have taken place."
"This is going to present a real problem, not just in the context of
computer programs but in the context of an open society, because the
need is there," he said.
Intelligence sources indicate that the National Security Agency, which
has the technology to monitor the transmission of data from the United
States, is involved in analyzing the software export issue for an
interagency export control group.
The effort to deal with potential software-smuggling by wire reflects
a major push by the Defense and Commerce departments to place various
kinds of intellectual property - especially computer software - on the
lists of technologies that face export restrictions.
To date, there have been no reported cases of software being exported
illegally over phone lines.
It would be technologically feasible for the owner of a personal
computer in Washington, for example, to make a five-minute phone call
to London and "export" a computer aided design program that would be
useful to a weapons engineer.
Many companies such as International Business Machines Corp.,
Hewlett-Packard Co. and Texas Instruments Inc., reportedly transmit
computer data and software internationally over phone lines. Such
transfers usually require export licenses or a "letter of assurance"
from the Commerce Department.
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 16-Aug-84 14:29:03 PDT
From: Lauren Weinstein <vortex!lauren@RAND-UNIX.ARPA>
Subject: Low level microwaves and cancer
a212 1114 16 Aug 84
AM-Microwaves-Cancer, Bjt,730
Study Finds Microwave Exposure Linked With Higher Rates of Cancer
By BARTON REPPERT
Associated Press Writer
WASHINGTON (AP) - Glandular changes and a higher rate of cancer
were found among laboratory rats chronically exposed to low-intensity
microwaves, according to a study by University of Washington
researchers.
Results emerging from the $4.5 million study sponsored by the Air
Force, have prompted substantial concern among researchers
investigating the biological and health effects of non-ionizing
radiation, according to Microwave News, a specialized scientific
newsletter.
''In addition to a general increase in cancer incidence, the
experimental results suggest that microwave exposure is responsible
for wide-ranging effects related to the adrenal glands and the entire
endocrine system,'' the publication reported.
The adrenal glands, adjacent to the kidneys, and other glands of
the endocrine system produce chemical hormones vital to the regulation
of many bodily functions.
The Microwave News account noted that the findings could provide
an experimental basis for widely reported complaints of headaches,
dizziness, memory loss and fatigue from workers chronically exposed to
microwave radiation
Microwave radiation is emitted by a wide variety of sources
including thousands of military and civilian radar installations,
satellite ground stations, relay towers for long-distance telephone
links, television transmitters, as well as microwave ovens and
citizens band radios.
Environmental Protection Agency surveys have found that 99.4
percent of the people in 15 major cities were exposed to microwave and
radiofrequency radiation at power levels of 1 microwatt per square
centimeter or less.
Government microwave-oven regulations mandate that at the time of
sale, radiation emitted from the devices must not exceed 1,000
microwatts per square centimeter, measured at a distance 5 centimeters
from the oven's outside surface. For older ovens, the limit rises to a
maximum of 5,000 microwatts per square centimeter.
Although the University of Washington study utilized the same
frequency used in many microwave ovens, the experiment also exposed
the rats to special pulsing and modulation characteristics that are
not found in the consumer cooking devices.
If confirmed by other researchers, the test results ''would
undermine the 1982 American National Standards Institute
radiofrequency and microwave radiation exposure standard,'' according
to Microwave News. This voluntary standard sets safety levels of 1,000
to 5,000 microwatts per square centimeter for human exposure to
microwave radiation.
The research team, headed by Professor Arthur W. Guy at the
university's School of Medicine in Seattle, exposed rats up to 25
months to pulsed microwaves at a level of 480 microwatts per square
centimeter.
The EPA has prepared draft ''guidance'' for establishing a legally
enforceable safety standard for exposure to mirowave and
radiofrequency radiation.
But the document's release - originally set for June - has been
delayed, reportedly due to an internal dispute within the agency. EPA
Assistant Administrator Joseph Cannon has said the agency is
considering a number of options, including abandonment of the draft
standard.
Results of the University of Washington study were presented at a
scientific conference last month in Atlanta.
The researchers disclosed that there were 16 malignant tumors
among 100 exposed rats, compared to four tumors among 100 control
animals. The 16 tumors in exposed rats included seven involving the
endocrine system - two thyroid, two pituitary and three adrenal gland
tumors.
The average weight of the adrenal glands in the exposed animals
was double that of the control animals, the researchers said.
In addition, there were six benign adrenal tumors - known as
pheochromocytomas - in the exposed rats, but none among the controls.
This type of tumor has been associated with high blood pressure,
headaches and stress in human patients.
Dr. Samuel Milham, an epidemiologist for the Washington State
Health Department, said results of the study appeared to point to a
''stress reaction'' in the exposed animals.
''It looks like the microwave radiation may have been a tumor
promoter,'' he said in a telephone interview. ''It didn't initiate the
cancers, but once some cancer cells got going it promoted growth of
the tumors.''
Milham has conducted statistical reviews that found increased
rates of leukemia among power-station operators, aluminum workers,
power and telephone linemen as well as other workers chronically
exposed to electric and magnetic fields.
''The scientific data suggest the need for further epidemiological
studies involving workers exposed to microwave and radiofrequency
radiation,'' said David LeGrande, director of occupational safety and
health for the Communications Workers of America. ''Many thousands of
workers may be exposed to hazardous levels, and they need to know what
the dangers associated with such exposure might be.''
------------------------------
Date: 15 Aug 84 20:46-PDT
From: mclure @ Sri-Unix.arpa
To: chess @ Sri-Unix, ailist @ Sri-Ai.arpa
Subject: Delphi: number-cruncher out of book
The Vote Tally
--------------
Folks, the moves are in and have been tallied.
The winner is: 7 ... e5.
The runner-up is 7 ... g6.
A total of 17 moves were cast. Please relay this message to any
friends you have who might be interested in participating. This
includes non-net people. If you are in a chess club, take along a
copy of this message and get a group vote from your club.
The Machine Moves
-----------------
Depth Move Time for search Nodes Estimate
8 ply d4 10 hours, 6 minutes ~3.6x10^7 -=
I will delay publishing the principal variation and the evaluation
score, because these might be a boon to the humans. These will be
published at the game's end. Note that the machine thinks it is at a
positional disadvantage.
Humans Move # Votes
BR ** -- BQ BK BB -- BR 7 ... e5 8
** BP ** BB ** BP BP BP 7 ... g6 6
BP ** BN BP -- BN -- ** 7 ... Bg4 1
** -- BP -- BP -- ** -- 7 ... e6 1
-- ** -- WP WP ** -- ** 7 ... b5 1
** -- WP -- ** WN ** --
WP WP -- ** -- WP WP WP
WR WN WB WQ WR WB WK --
Prestige 8-ply
The Game So Far
---------------
1. e4 c5 6. Re1 a6
2. Nf3 d6 7. Bf1 e5
3. Bb5+ Nc6 8. d4
4. o-o Bd7
5. c3 Nf6
Commentary
----------
George Eldridge, <Eldridge.es@XEROX>, USCF ???
Once we get this thing out of the book it should be an interesting
game. The style of play should be very similar between a group of
humans voting and a chess program. For both it is difficult to
develop a long term strategy, therefore the game is guided by
tactics rather than stratetgy. Blunders by the human side should be
eliminated by virtue of the group vote. Of course, the computer
algorithm is assumed to be good enough to prevent blunders. It
should be a close match.
Solicitation
------------
Your move, please?
Replies to Arpanet: mclure@sri-unix or Usenet: sri-unix!mclure.
DO NOT SEND REPLIES TO THE ENTIRE LIST! Just send them to one of
the above addresses.
------------------------------
End of HUMAN-NETS Digest
************************daemon@ucbvax.UUCP (08/22/84)
From MCGREW@RUTGERS.ARPA Wed Aug 22 12:45:54 1984
HUMAN-NETS Digest Tuesday, 21 Aug 1984 Volume 7 : Issue 47
Today's Topics:
Computers and the Law - Tapping lines to halt software smuggling,
Information - Low level Microwaves and Cancer,
Chess - Delphi: Move 7
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Mon, 20 Aug 84 14:39:11 PDT
From: Rutenberg.pa@XEROX.ARPA
Subject: U.S. may tap lines to halt software smuggling by phone
The following is from a recent issue of the San Jose Mercury News.
Besides the obvious potential impact on network users, it also has
significance for censorship & restrictions of foreigners from
conferences (they want to be able to place "intellectual property" on
restriction lists).
Some issues that the article raises include:
- How are they going to spot a restricted program being sent?
The NSA already does interception based on keywords for international
Telex traffic so obvious keywords in plain text should be easy, but
what if the restricted program is scrambled before being sent (e.g.
compiled for a specific machine or encrypted).
- Is tapping phones really going to stem the flow of software
out of the country? Surely it is rather trivial to physically smuggle
it out; a tape holds 150 MBytes and even a tiny Macintosh diskette
holds almost half a megabyte.
In any case, it is rather obvious that solid encryption is going to
become a necessity. It also brings up the issue of DES's security
again since the government apparently doesn't see DES as an easy way
to avoid their monitoring.
I'm confused!
Mike
-------------
U.S. may tap lines to halt software smuggling by phone
The Washington Post
The Reagan administration may expand electronic surveillance activity
to prevent sensitive computer software from being smuggled overseas
through international telephone calls, according to U.S. officials.
The effort to control software exports is part of the administration's
drive to deny the Soviet bloc access to high technology that could be
used for military purposes. Software - the instructions that tell
computers what calculations to perform - can be used for a wide
variety of military applications, ranging from designing weapons to
keeping track of materials.
However, unlike main-frame computers, machine tools, or other pieces
of hardware that can be physically inspected before export, computer
software and data not only can be exported on disc or tape, but they
can also be transformed into electronic impulses and sent at the speed
of light to virtually any country over the international telephone
network. Commerce Department officials and Pentagon analysts say they
need a way to monitor the flow of international computer
communications to detect illegal exports.
Devising such a surveillance policy poses special problems for law
enforcement and intelligence agencies. Existing criminal wiretap laws
and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 were designed
primarily for monitoring voice communications and generally require
court approval. The extent to which the National Security Agency and
Justice Department monitor conversations under those laws is not
known.
A key issue to be resolved is whether those laws allow monitoring of
data communications without court approval.
"We don't believe that (the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act)
constitutes a statutory prohibition against all warrant-less
surveillance involving non-aural acquisition of communication," a
Justice Department official said in response to an inquiry from Sen.
Patrick Leahy, R-Vt., earlier this year. Several Justice Department
officials believe that the wiretap laws also do not prohibit
monitoring of data communications without a warrant.
"Exporting of controlled technologies through signals and modems" -
devices which let computers "talk" with one another over telephone
lines - "does create problems for us," said Theodore H. Wu, deputy
assistant secretary of commerce for export enforcement. He
acknowledged that discussions pertaining to wiretap technology as a
means to aid enforcement "have taken place."
"This is going to present a real problem, not just in the context of
computer programs but in the context of an open society, because the
need is there," he said.
Intelligence sources indicate that the National Security Agency, which
has the technology to monitor the transmission of data from the United
States, is involved in analyzing the software export issue for an
interagency export control group.
The effort to deal with potential software-smuggling by wire reflects
a major push by the Defense and Commerce departments to place various
kinds of intellectual property - especially computer software - on the
lists of technologies that face export restrictions.
To date, there have been no reported cases of software being exported
illegally over phone lines.
It would be technologically feasible for the owner of a personal
computer in Washington, for example, to make a five-minute phone call
to London and "export" a computer aided design program that would be
useful to a weapons engineer.
Many companies such as International Business Machines Corp.,
Hewlett-Packard Co. and Texas Instruments Inc., reportedly transmit
computer data and software internationally over phone lines. Such
transfers usually require export licenses or a "letter of assurance"
from the Commerce Department.
------------------------------
Date: Thu, 16-Aug-84 14:29:03 PDT
From: Lauren Weinstein <vortex!lauren@RAND-UNIX.ARPA>
Subject: Low level microwaves and cancer
a212 1114 16 Aug 84
AM-Microwaves-Cancer, Bjt,730
Study Finds Microwave Exposure Linked With Higher Rates of Cancer
By BARTON REPPERT
Associated Press Writer
WASHINGTON (AP) - Glandular changes and a higher rate of cancer
were found among laboratory rats chronically exposed to low-intensity
microwaves, according to a study by University of Washington
researchers.
Results emerging from the $4.5 million study sponsored by the Air
Force, have prompted substantial concern among researchers
investigating the biological and health effects of non-ionizing
radiation, according to Microwave News, a specialized scientific
newsletter.
''In addition to a general increase in cancer incidence, the
experimental results suggest that microwave exposure is responsible
for wide-ranging effects related to the adrenal glands and the entire
endocrine system,'' the publication reported.
The adrenal glands, adjacent to the kidneys, and other glands of
the endocrine system produce chemical hormones vital to the regulation
of many bodily functions.
The Microwave News account noted that the findings could provide
an experimental basis for widely reported complaints of headaches,
dizziness, memory loss and fatigue from workers chronically exposed to
microwave radiation
Microwave radiation is emitted by a wide variety of sources
including thousands of military and civilian radar installations,
satellite ground stations, relay towers for long-distance telephone
links, television transmitters, as well as microwave ovens and
citizens band radios.
Environmental Protection Agency surveys have found that 99.4
percent of the people in 15 major cities were exposed to microwave and
radiofrequency radiation at power levels of 1 microwatt per square
centimeter or less.
Government microwave-oven regulations mandate that at the time of
sale, radiation emitted from the devices must not exceed 1,000
microwatts per square centimeter, measured at a distance 5 centimeters
from the oven's outside surface. For older ovens, the limit rises to a
maximum of 5,000 microwatts per square centimeter.
Although the University of Washington study utilized the same
frequency used in many microwave ovens, the experiment also exposed
the rats to special pulsing and modulation characteristics that are
not found in the consumer cooking devices.
If confirmed by other researchers, the test results ''would
undermine the 1982 American National Standards Institute
radiofrequency and microwave radiation exposure standard,'' according
to Microwave News. This voluntary standard sets safety levels of 1,000
to 5,000 microwatts per square centimeter for human exposure to
microwave radiation.
The research team, headed by Professor Arthur W. Guy at the
university's School of Medicine in Seattle, exposed rats up to 25
months to pulsed microwaves at a level of 480 microwatts per square
centimeter.
The EPA has prepared draft ''guidance'' for establishing a legally
enforceable safety standard for exposure to mirowave and
radiofrequency radiation.
But the document's release - originally set for June - has been
delayed, reportedly due to an internal dispute within the agency. EPA
Assistant Administrator Joseph Cannon has said the agency is
considering a number of options, including abandonment of the draft
standard.
Results of the University of Washington study were presented at a
scientific conference last month in Atlanta.
The researchers disclosed that there were 16 malignant tumors
among 100 exposed rats, compared to four tumors among 100 control
animals. The 16 tumors in exposed rats included seven involving the
endocrine system - two thyroid, two pituitary and three adrenal gland
tumors.
The average weight of the adrenal glands in the exposed animals
was double that of the control animals, the researchers said.
In addition, there were six benign adrenal tumors - known as
pheochromocytomas - in the exposed rats, but none among the controls.
This type of tumor has been associated with high blood pressure,
headaches and stress in human patients.
Dr. Samuel Milham, an epidemiologist for the Washington State
Health Department, said results of the study appeared to point to a
''stress reaction'' in the exposed animals.
''It looks like the microwave radiation may have been a tumor
promoter,'' he said in a telephone interview. ''It didn't initiate the
cancers, but once some cancer cells got going it promoted growth of
the tumors.''
Milham has conducted statistical reviews that found increased
rates of leukemia among power-station operators, aluminum workers,
power and telephone linemen as well as other workers chronically
exposed to electric and magnetic fields.
''The scientific data suggest the need for further epidemiological
studies involving workers exposed to microwave and radiofrequency
radiation,'' said David LeGrande, director of occupational safety and
health for the Communications Workers of America. ''Many thousands of
workers may be exposed to hazardous levels, and they need to know what
the dangers associated with such exposure might be.''
------------------------------
Date: 15 Aug 84 20:46-PDT
From: mclure @ Sri-Unix.arpa
To: chess @ Sri-Unix, ailist @ Sri-Ai.arpa
Subject: Delphi: number-cruncher out of book
The Vote Tally
--------------
Folks, the moves are in and have been tallied.
The winner is: 7 ... e5.
The runner-up is 7 ... g6.
A total of 17 moves were cast. Please relay this message to any
friends you have who might be interested in participating. This
includes non-net people. If you are in a chess club, take along a
copy of this message and get a group vote from your club.
The Machine Moves
-----------------
Depth Move Time for search Nodes Estimate
8 ply d4 10 hours, 6 minutes ~3.6x10^7 -=
I will delay publishing the principal variation and the evaluation
score, because these might be a boon to the humans. These will be
published at the game's end. Note that the machine thinks it is at a
positional disadvantage.
Humans Move # Votes
BR ** -- BQ BK BB -- BR 7 ... e5 8
** BP ** BB ** BP BP BP 7 ... g6 6
BP ** BN BP -- BN -- ** 7 ... Bg4 1
** -- BP -- BP -- ** -- 7 ... e6 1
-- ** -- WP WP ** -- ** 7 ... b5 1
** -- WP -- ** WN ** --
WP WP -- ** -- WP WP WP
WR WN WB WQ WR WB WK --
Prestige 8-ply
The Game So Far
---------------
1. e4 c5 6. Re1 a6
2. Nf3 d6 7. Bf1 e5
3. Bb5+ Nc6 8. d4
4. o-o Bd7
5. c3 Nf6
Commentary
----------
George Eldridge, <Eldridge.es@XEROX>, USCF ???
Once we get this thing out of the book it should be an interesting
game. The style of play should be very similar between a group of
humans voting and a chess program. For both it is difficult to
develop a long term strategy, therefore the game is guided by
tactics rather than stratetgy. Blunders by the human side should be
eliminated by virtue of the group vote. Of course, the computer
algorithm is assumed to be good enough to prevent blunders. It
should be a close match.
Solicitation
------------
Your move, please?
Replies to Arpanet: mclure@sri-unix or Usenet: sri-unix!mclure.
DO NOT SEND REPLIES TO THE ENTIRE LIST! Just send them to one of
the above addresses.
------------------------------
End of HUMAN-NETS Digest
************************